1884.] J. Beames— On the GeogtapJiy of India in the Reign of Ahhar. 215 
On the Geography of India in the Reign of Alcbar.—By John Beames, 
B. C. S. (With a Map.) 
Ho. I. Subah Avadh (Oudh). 
The object of this series of papers is to reconstruct as far as possible 
the map of the Mughal empire at the time of the first great settlement of 
the financial and political administration effected in A. D. 1582 by Baja 
Todar Mai. 
The details of this important operation—the basis of all subsequent 
settlements—are preserved to us in the Ain-i-Akbari, the Persian text of 
which has been fixed and published by the late Professor Blochmann. 
He did not live long enough to translate the whole work, and as the 
valuable notes which he had collected for the second volume, (in which 
the details of Todar Mai’s settlement are given), have been lost; the 
greater portion of the work has to be done over again. The continuation 
of the translation has been entrusted by the Society to other hands, and 
I therefore refrain from encroaching on that ground. But I presume 
there is no objection to my extracting from the Persian text such details 
as are necessary for my purpose and supplying such comments as may be 
required for their elucidation. There is room for many workers in the 
vast and as yet imperfectly explored mine of the Ain. On the present 
occasion I shall confine myself to geography, reserving for a larger work 
on which I am engaged references to the Muhammadan historians and 
other authorities. 
The dominions which Akbar either ruled, or claimed to rule, were 
divided, as we learn from the Ain, into twelve provinces, to which His 
Majesty gave the name of Subahs. These were 
Ilahabad. Ajmir. Bangalah. Labor. 
Agrah. Ahmadabad. Dihli. Multan. 
Avadh. Bihar. Kabul. Malwah, 
to which were subsequently added three more, riz. :— 
Birar. Khandesh. Ahmadnagar. 
makiiio; a total of fifteen. 
Abul Puzl gives a chapter to each Subah, and takes them in geogra¬ 
phical order, beginning with Bangalah (Bengal) in the extreme east, and 
going westwards. I have departed from this order for the following 
reasons. 
The Subah of Bangalah is by far the largest of all, and as it was not 
at the time of Todar Mai’s settlement actually under the sway of the 
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