12 
Sarat Chandra Das —Contributions on Tibet. 
[No. 1 5 
These six are the higher order of Lamas; besides these, there are three 
which are of a practical nature. They are called Kin or distant order, 
Ne or nearer order, and Ssabmo or deeper order :— 
1. Kin Kahma. 2. Ne-terma. 3. Ssab-mo-dag-nan. 
The Kahma are subdivided into three classes : 
1. Gyu-thul. 2. Dupai-do. 3. Sem-chhog. 
Kahma- Gyuthul. 
This class spread all over U'-Tsan and Kham, being first founded 
by the Indian Pandit Vimala Mitra, who handed it down to his pupil 
Kin-chhen Chhog. Dophuh Lama was one of the chief leaders of this 
sect. One of his pupils carried it to Kham, and another towards Dan-bag 
north of Lhasa and upper Tsan, called Manar, and upper Laddak. Again a 
third pupil of Dophuh Lama, named Kah-dampa, erected a monastery on 
a place which was of the shape of the letter *1 ha at the foot of the Bom- 
bar mountains on the Di-chhu, the great river of Kham Dirgi, in conse¬ 
quence of which his followers were called Ka-thogpa Lamas. 
JDuipai-do. 
This dogmatic sect has only two true scriptural volumes, Mula Tan- 
tra or Kundu-rigpai-do, and Vyakhya-Tantra or Dogonpa Dupa. The 
Indian Pandit Dana-rakshita first taught them to the two Nepali Pan¬ 
dits named Dharma Bodhi and Basu-dhara, King Ku-chhe tsan of Brusha 
(Dusha) country translated them into the Dusha vernacular and spread them 
to the country of Thogar, upper Bactria and the Pamir. 
/S 'em-chhog. 
This sect was taught by Ron-sem-Lochava who was believed to have 
been an incarnation of Pandit Kalacharya of India. He was a profound 
scholar of Buddhism; being eminently versed in all the branches of 
sacred literature, he was unrivalled for learning in his age. There 
are eight ceremonies prescribed to this sect:—Jampal-ku, Padma-srun, 
Thugma-du-tsi, Yontan, and Phur-pa-thin-le, the five series of cere¬ 
monies, by which birth in this world can be avoided ; and Mamo-bo- 
tan, Mod-pa-dag-nag and Jig-tan chhod-ten for worldly good, consisting 
purely in propitiating demons. Of the first five ceremonies, those of 
Tam-den and Phurpa were instituted hy Padma Sambhava who induced 
king Thi-sron to invoke the former and his Queen to propitiate the latter. 
Tamden (in Sanskrit Hayagriva) is a Tantrik god of wrathful temper, who 
vanquishes the demons. Phurpa is another deity who has a human head, 
and a body which is of the shape of a pin, standing on its apex. They are 
generally selected by Ninma Lamas as their tutelary deities. 
