159 
1882.] R. C. Temple— Some Hindu Folksongs from the Punjab. 
In the Panjab there is a tendency to change nouns ending i to iii or 
io. Thus, 
ghi to ghiu, gheu and ghyo, 5. 
ji, life, to jiu, 25. 
In R. R. occurs ghiu for ghi: guru jiu for guru ji : dhiu, daughter, 
for dhi. Piu, father, in ordinary Panjabi is sometimes also pe or pi, as 
mape, mapi and mapiaw, parents. 
In song No. 25 there is also a similar remarkable change in a pro¬ 
nominal adverb. 
kityo for kiti, wherever, 25. 
(in) The dialectic verb must always be difficult of treatment. The 
following are attempts at solving some of the forms that occur in these 
songs. 
Mr. Platt, Hindustani Grammar , p. 329, remarks that Panjabi regular¬ 
ly uses the gerund or verbal noun, (practically the infinitive in the modern 
Aryan languages of India), as a gerundive or verbal adjective, and that 
Sindhi has a distinct gerundive. Mr. Kellogg, pp. 308-310, sec. 595 (1) (2), 
shows the infin. being used both as a gerund and as a gerundive. In both 
works the infin. is the only form of gerund or gerundive.* The Panj. Gram, 
gives two distinct forms of gerund, (or gerundive according to syntactical 
use): one following the form of the infin. and the other usually that of 
the perf. participle. F. g ., root, ghall, send ; infin. or gerund, gJialVna, to 
send; gerund, gliallia, sending, to send. The two forms of gerund proba¬ 
bly really exist, and for the present purpose I will call them the gerund in 
nd and the gerund in id. 
As instances of the use of the gerund in tia the Panj. Gram, gives— 
kachichia n lainiaw hon’gia n, lit , gnashings of teeth will be (to be) 
taken. 
khabar kar’ni, to make news (announce), 
dur ho jani, to be removed (lit., to become far). 
All of which show its use as a gerundive and curiously enough the Panj. 
Gram, gives no instances of its use as a pure gerund, though this is as 
common as in Hindi. 
Of the use of the gerund in id it quotes 
mera bharau men jamin utte haweli pai chah’nda hai, my brother 
wishes a house to be built (pai, gerund in ia, fern, form from 
pauni, Panj., to place, build) on my ground. 
* [See Hoernle’s Gaudian Grammar, §§ 308-314, 315-321, pp. 145-154, where the 
identity of the so-called infinitive, gerund, gerundive and verbal noun in the Northern 
Indian languages is fully shown. Ed.] 
X 
