160 
B. C. Temple —Some Hindu Folksongs from the Panjab. [No. 3, 
asa^ pothiaw parhia kar’de ha n, we are in the habit of reading 
books. 
In the former it is apparently used as a gerundive, in the latter as a 
gerund. An example of the gerund in id in the songs is 
mam puri. chhaki lia, I took the cake to taste, (eat) 47. 
Here chhaki agrees with puri as a gerundive. 
The above analyses may be thought wrong and the verbs merely look¬ 
ed on as compounds, like paya chah’ta hai, parha kar’te ham and chliak li, 
as they would appear in Hindi. But see Kellogg’s doubts on the partici¬ 
pial nature of the first terms of such compounds at p. 192, note, where he 
inclines to the belief that there is a gerund in a as well as in nd in Hindi. # 
His observation (c) on the next page 193, that chah’na and kar’na with 
jana take jaya in place of gaya and with mar’na take mara in place of mua, 
exactly bears out the analysis of the Panj. Gram, which makes jaia the 
gerund and gia the perf. part, of jauna and maria the gerund and muia the 
perf. part, of mar’na. However, below will be exhibited many instances of 
a conjunctive participle in i in these songs and perhaps the above forms 
pai chah’nda hai and chhaki lia should be looked upon as instances of it. 
Lastly I would quote the following every day idioms, which exist also 
in Hindi and Urdu, from the Panj. Gram, in support of the argument of 
the existence of the gerunds in nd and id. 
mete khara hona nahm janda, I cannot stop ; lit. to stand still 
does not go (is not) by me. 
mete khaia nahm janda, I cannot eat, lit. eating does not go 
(is not) by me. 
(n) The usual terminations of the perf. and imperf. participles in 
Panjabi are imperf. da or ndd and perf. id, but the imperf. has also a form 
nd ,f which, according to the Panj. Gram, differs so far from the infin. in 
that it is always nd, whereas the infin. is nd and alternatively nd. F. g., 
imperf. ghall’da or ghall’na, sending : perf. ghallia, sent : whence present 
imperf. tense, mam ghall’da h in or mam ghall’na turn, I am sending and 
oresent perf. tense, mam (or mam ne) ghallia ha n, I have sent. A good 
instance of the imperf. part in nd is in song No. 60, where the same word 
occurs three times. 
* [These doubts are unfounded, the participial nature of the first term of such 
compounds, being clearly shown by the Prakrit; see Hoernle’s Gaud. Grammar, § 539, 
p. 389. Ed.] 
f [These forms in nd (or and) are probably nouns of agency. They occur in the 
Apabhramsa Prakrit (H. C. IV, 443). See also Hoernle’s Gaud. Grammar, § 321, 
p. 153. Ed.] 
