188].] 
A. Cunningham— Relics from Ancient Persia. 
157 
No. 10. Gold bracelet, full size, ending in head of horned lion (?) 
The top view of this bracelet is also given. 
Torques or Collars. 
No. 11. Two hull’s heads in gold,set upright, full size. 
No. 12. Lion’s head in solid gold, full size, weighing 336 grains. All 
my enquiries have failed to discover the companion piece. When complete 
this collar must have weighed about seven ounces. I understand that it 
was cut into several small pieces. 
Tress of the Ancient Persians. 
The king was distinguished from all his subjects by wearing an upright 
head dress, called Kiclaris or Kitaris , an oriental name which still survives 
in the Hebrew Tether. Curtius says “ Cidarim Persm regium capitis vocabant 
insigne.” Plutarch also relates that Artaxerxes allowed his eldest son Darius, 
when he declared him his successor, to wear “ the point of his Kitaris erect, 
as a mark of royalty.” It was bound with a fillet called JSPitra , which like 
the Greek diadema , had the two ends hanging down behind the head. The 
Greek word itself was also introduced into Persia, most probably during the 
time of the Seleukidae, and it still exists in Persian under the contracted form 
of dehim , by the simple elision of the second d. All head dresses were 
called by the general name of tiara , that of the king being distinguished 
by its upright form. Another term was Kurbasia , which would rather 
seem to be a foreign name, if, as I suppose, it contains the Turki word 
bash, or “ head,” the whole word meaning perhaps only “ head covering.” 
A specimen of the upright tiara, with the diadem is seen in the silver 
statuette in Plate XI. The same tiara is apparently represented on the most 
ancient Persian coins, both of gold and silver, as seen on the different speci¬ 
mens in Plate II. But the head dress on the coins is almost invariably 
represented with a radiated crown on the top, which in figure 1 of Plate XII 
would seem almost to be separate from the tiara, or head-dress proper. 
But perhaps the finest specimens of the Kidaris , or upright tiara, are seen 
on the larger silver coins of Tigranes king of Armenia, on which the tiara 
is formed with a radiated upper edge. The Kidaris itself was made of 
crimson cloth, with a diadem of sky blue spotted with a white star. So 
Curtius says “ Cserulea fascia albo distincta circumibat.” So also the tall 
cap mentioned above as worn by the Raja of Ladak has a sky-blue border. 
The common tiara was a soft felt cap, called pilos by the Greeks ; but 
it differed from the Greek pilos in having long lappets which could be tied 
under the chin.* This is the cap worn by the drivers in the chariots in 
Plate XII; by the Satrap Tiridames on No. 5 coin of Plate XVII ; by the 
Magus in Plate XIV, and apparently also by the king himself when out riding 
* This fact is specially referred to by Juvenal, VI, 516. 
