1881.] 
Sarat Chandra Das — Contributions on Tibet . 
243 
pointed to the command of 10,000 soldiers by patents from the Emperor 
of China, and entrusted with a seal for his own use ; this sudden elevation 
of Phagmo-du excited the jealousy and enmity of the chiefs of Di-gun, 
Tslial, Yah-Sah and Sakya, who spared no pains in devising means to 
ruin him. At last they drove him to war. In the first battle lie met 
with some reverses, but was victorious in the second. The war lasted 
for many years, when ultimately victory attended the arms of Phagmo-du, 
who captured almost all the hostile chiefs and threw them into prison. 
After this great defeat, the chiefs, nobles and Lamas of U' and Tsah, 
jointly petitioned the Imperial Court of Pekin to degrade the 
upstart. They represented that Phagmo-du treated with violence the 
chiefs and generals of Tibet and especially the Sakyapa authorities 
whom he had thrown into prison. Phagmo-du, presenting the skin of a 
white lion, besides other rich and rare presents, to the famous Tho-gan- 
thu-mer, then Emperor of China, represented the circumstances connected 
with the case. Pleased with his sincere statements, the Emperor decided 
in his favour and furnished him with renewed patents and seals and be¬ 
stowed on him, to be enjoyed as hereditary possessions, the province of U', 
leaving Tsah to the Sakyapas. 
After his return to Tibet, he organized a regular form of government. 
He reformed the legislation, and revised the ancient laws and regulations. 
He revised the canons and the ancient laws of kings Sron-tsan Gampo and 
Thi-sron, which had been discarded by the Sakyapa rulers. He built a castle 
on Nedon-tse hill and a large fortress with three gates to the ram¬ 
parts. He refused admission to women to its interior. He himself 
practised abstinence by refraining from the use of wine and the habit of 
taking afternoon-meals, as prescribed in the Vinaya class of scriptures. 
He endeavoured to observe the ten virtues mentioned in the sacred books. 
By his exemplary morals and piety, and above all by his beneficial rule, 
he won the sincere esteem of his subjects. Pie founded the monastery of 
Tse-thaii, and admitted a large number of priests into it. He prepared 
a copy of the Kahgyur in gold characters. He built thirteen forts such as 
Gonkar, Bragkar, &c. During the supremacy of Phagmo-du, the Sakyapa 
authorities and chiefs, on account of their imbecility and internal dissen¬ 
sions ceased to exercise authority over their subjects. They were also 
sunk in debt, and during their rule, they had debased the ancient laws of 
Tibet by an admixture of Chinese and Mongolian laws. It was by these 
injudicious proceedings that they created dissatisfaction among the people 
and forfeited the confidence of their subjects. Phagmo-du having re¬ 
presented all these various acts of imbecility to the Court of Pekin, the 
Emperor permitted him to annex the remaining parts of Tibet and Kham to 
his possessions, in order by his rule to increase the happiness and prosperity of 
