1885.] 
the Sultans of Kashmir. 
107 
certain functions. But tlieir position and their privileges were unde¬ 
fined. There were elements of stability and lawfulness in the land, but 
they wanted to be worked up. There was no idea of freedom and 
without this, these very elements of stability became each a nucleus of 
selfishness and intrigue. The results were soon seen in the anarchy 
which ensued under the rule of nominal kings who were placed on the 
throne as a mark for the machinations of the different parties who were 
seeking pre-eminence for purposes of self-aggrandisement and plunder. 
(Of three historians whom I have consulted one gives the death of 
Zain-ul-Abidin in 884 A. H. and another in 878, and the third in 877 
A. H. blow the coins of Haidar the successor of Zain-ul-Abidin have 
on them 874 A. H., and he reigned as we shall see only one year and two 
months. Hence if the coins are right, all the historians are wrong, 
I incline to think the coins are correct.) 
Kaiclar Shah .—Haji Khan taking the title of Haidar Shah was 
crowned king, his brother Bahram and his son Hasan placing the crown 
upon his head. The province of Kamraj was given to Hasan in jagir 
with the title of Amir-ul-Umra and heir-apparent. Bahram received as 
his jagir the province of NagamA Haidar satisfied only a portion of the 
nobles who came to his coronation. Many returned dissatisfied. As 
the Sultan was unacquainted with the country, these nobles oppressed 
their people as much as they liked. Haidar made his barber Lulu his 
confidante and favourite. This low fellow at once showed his nature by 
taking bribes from all quarters, and by leading the Sultan into all kinds of 
evil. Hasan Khan Kachlii a worthy noble, was executed by Lulu. At 
this time Adam Khan, having gathered together an army arrived in 
Jammu, but when he heard of the fate of Hasan Kachlii he advanced 
no further. He stayed in Jammu and made himself useful in resisting 
the Moguls who were then troubling the country. In a skirmish he was 
hit in the face with an arrow and killed. Haidar, hearing of his death, 
had his corpse removed to Kashmir and caused it to be buried near the 
tomb of his father. Meanwhile the king’s inebriety became confirmed 
and at last he became ill. The nobles secretly desired to make Bahram 
king. The son of Adam Khan, Fath Khan, hearing of this in Sirhind 
where he was engaged in reducing forts and towns by order of Haidar, 
returned suddenly to Kashmir with much plunder. But his coming was 
not acceptable to the king. Things came rapidly to a crisis however. For 
Haidar one day getting intoxicated fell from the roof of his house and 
was killed after a reign of 14 months.f 
Hasan Shah .—By the exertions of Ahmad Aswad (the Black) 
# Nagam, South of Srinagar in the lower hills. 
f For Coin of Haidar, see No. 31, PI. Ill, 
