1883.] G. A. Grierson —Essays on Bihdri Declension. 133 
addition of an ablative sign to a locative, this is of common occurrence in 
Gaudian languages. It is quite usual to hear phrases such as % 
filT which is, literally, ‘ he fell from on the horse,’ and which means 
in English, £ he fell from,’ or, ‘ off the horse.’ 
E. v, q*—the latter of these I consider to be simply a lengthened 
form of the former: and with this remark it will be sufficient to dismiss it. 
With regard to V, the case is different, and will require more elaborate 
treatment. 
V is used in the following cases : 
Ap. Pr. 
Kamayan. 
Maithili. 
Instr. (v) 
Instr, 
Instr. 
It will be seen that this case is used throughout all dialects as an 
instrumental termination,—and so also in Panjabi (seldom), e. g., in the 
word vjpT (S7cr. wt*T) ‘indeed,’ ‘truly;’ hence ‘although;’ and in Mara¬ 
thi, e. g., by a house.’ In western Bhojpuri it takes the form ^«T; 
thus, ‘ by fear,’ ‘ by hunger.’ 
In Ap. Pr., according to Md., the termination is added directly to the 
base of the noun, whatever it is ; so that we have qtjjv, ‘ by a forest,’ from 
‘by a girl,’ from qT^TT, ‘by fire,’ from (nom. 
‘by wind,’ from (nom. qT^i). (Examples taken from Md. apucl 
Hoernle, § 367.) It will be observed that when the nom. sing, ends in 
long ^T, it is unchanged, but when in long i;, or long the final vowel is 
shortened before if. H. C. and K. I. do not give the termination to 
feminine nouns, and give qqr instead of qijjv. In other respects they agree 
with Md. Mi’s qvtvi is probably for qw so that the three grammarians 
are at one, except with reference to feminine nouns. 
Maithili goes a step farther. It (Gram. § 19) substitutes the v for 
the final vowel in all nouns whose direct forms end in ^ or ^r, so that we 
have 'Hi#' 1 ', ‘ by fruit,’ from qT^r, qr^, ‘ by a story’ from or to use the 
same examples as are given for Prakrit, it has qq'' for Pr. qqrv, and qj^r* 
for Pr. qr^TTV. 
With regard to nouns ending in other vowels, it follows the Prakrit 
rule. The q is simply added, and the final vowel, if long is shortened,— 
