48 a 
Purple Emperor, while Satyrs will include the Marbled White, the 
Meadow Browns and their kindred; lastly Lycsenids will be used as 
embracing Hair Streaks, Blues and Coppers. 
Linnseus is again our starting-point. At first he included the 
whole of the Lepidoptera under the generic designation Papilio, but 
afterwards restricted the use of this name to the butterflies. The 
great Professor soon recognised the necessity of dividing these into 
groups, but made several attempts before he reached his final con¬ 
clusions. In the second edition of the Systerna Natures (1740) he placed 
first, and by themselves, those butterflies which have only four legs 
(Nymphalids), the rest he distributed among four groups according to 
the character of the wings. In the Fauna Suecica (1746) he only made 
two groups, the first composed of those which had four serviceable legs, 
the other of those with six. Two years later, in the sixth edition of 
the Systema, he divided each of these groups into two according as 
their wings were angled or rounded. In all these earlier attempts the 
Nymphalids are placed first, but when we come to the tenth edition 
(1758) in which his final conclusions are embodied they have given 
place to the Papilionids. In this last-mentioned work Linnaeus divided 
the genus Papilio into five groups, which correspond, to a large extent, 
with those which in later times have received the designation of 
families, basing his classification upon superficial characters furnished 
by the imago. First came Equite, s, consisting entirely of the Swallow¬ 
tails and their allies, and sub-divided into Troes and Achivi; next 
followed Heliconii in which the only British species are cratcegi and the 
doubtfully indigenous apollo ; then Danai, sub-divided into Candidi 
containing the Whites and Yellows, and Festivi, the only indigenous 
species in which is hyperanthus; next came Nymphales, sub-divided 
into Gemmati containing the remaining Satyrs as well as io, cardui and 
iris, and Phalerati containing the rest of the Nymphs ; the last group 
was called Plebeii and was sub-divided into Burales, constituted of 
Lycoenids, and Urbicolce of Skippers. It is interesting to note thus 
early the separation of cratcegi from the other Whites, and of liyperan- 
thus from the Satyrs. 
Already however, in his English Moths and Butterflies published in 
1749, Benj. Wilkes had propounded a classification of Lepidoptera, based 
upon the larvae. He placed the butterflies last and divided them as 
follows:— A. Smooth Caterpillars without protuberances ( machaon , 
rhamni ); B. Caterpillars having little hair—1. Producing round¬ 
winged butterflies (Whites), 2. Producing scalloped-winged butterflies 
(Satyrs), 3. Producing butterflies with large heads and bodies (Skipper); 
C. Caterpillars armed with spikes, whose pupa hangs by the tail (Vanessas 
and Fritillaries); F). Caterpillars shaped like wood-lice (Hair-streaks). 
At the end, under the heading “ Caterpillars producing butterflies whose 
generation is unknown,” which I suppose means that he had not found 
the larvae, are placed the Blue Argus and the Purple Highflier. In 
1762, Geoffroi, of Paris, adopted the two groups of the Fauna Suecica, 
but sub-divided the former into three, as follows:— A. Species with a 
spiny larva and angulated wings (Vanessas) ; B. Species with a spiny 
larva and rounded wings (Fritillaries); C. Species witha smooth larva 
and with the front wings of the imago short but not tippet-like 
(Satyrs). 
Moses Harris was the first to give generic value and generic names 
