49 
to tlie groups into which he divided the British species. His scheme 
of classification was set forth in An Essay preceding a Supplement to the 
Aurelian, which is undated, but which, from internal evidence, seems 
to have been published about 1775; the work, however, never seems to 
have become widely known. Taking the neuration of the wings as his 
basis, he constituted eighteen named genera, and gave a diagram of the 
neuration of each. Speaking in the light of present opinions, his genera 
are all homogeneous, with the single exception that he did not 
differentiate lucina from the Melitseas, but, as we shall see, the true 
relations of this species remained long unrecognised. In many points 
he reached conclusions which were not generally arrived at till long 
after; thus he established separate genera for rhamni, carclamines, 
sinapis and cratcegi, and distinguished malvce and tages from the other 
Skippers. In the Vienna Catalogue (1776) the butterflies are placed 
after the moths. The authors of this work based their scheme of 
classification on the characters of the larvse. They created two main 
groups, the first comprising the species with ordinary-shaped larvae, 
and the second those with woodlouse-shaped larva3. The first group 
was divided into eleven sections, as follows:—1. Skippers; 2. Apollo ; 
3. Swallow-tails; 4. Whites; 5. Yellows; 6. Satyrs; 7. Iris; 8. Sibylla; 
9. Yanessas; 10. Argynnes; 11. Melitaeas with lucina. Their second 
group was divided into three sections, corresponding to the Cojepers, 
Blues and Hair-streaks. The entire dissociation of the Skippers from 
the Lycsenids in this scheme is in marked contrast with their close 
approximation by Linnasus, whilst the differentiation of the Blues 
from the Coppers was not generally adopted till a much later period. 
In 1777 Scopoli published An Introduction to Natural History, in which 
he arranged the butterflies in six named classes, many of which were 
divided into sub-classes indicated by letters. His basis was the wing- 
markings, but his result was a veritable “ reductio ad absurdum ”; 
iris and pamphilus are together in one sub-class, machaon and quercus in 
another, brassicce, antiopa, Sibylla and malvce in a third, and rhamni, 
argiolus, rubi, phloeas and tages in a fourth. In 1788 with Borkliausen 
we return to paths of common sense. He created six Hordes or Tribes. 
The first of these, corresponding to the Nymphalids, was divided into 
four families, of which the first corresponds to the Yanessas with iris 
and sibylla, the second to Argynnis, the third to Melitcea and the fourth 
to the Satyrs. The second Horde comprised two families, the first 
containing the Swallow-tails, and the second apollo; his third Horde 
contained no European species; the fourth contained the Whites and 
Yellows; the fifth comprised the Lycaenids and had three families, one 
for the Hair-streaks, another for the Coppers, and a third for the 
Blues, which were divided into two lines ; his last Horde was composed 
of the Skippers. 
With Fabricius we arrive at one of the marked epochs of the 
history. In his earlier works he followed the arrangement of Linnseus, 
with the exception that he divided Heliconii into two groups, retaining 
the name for the first and giving to the second, in which he placed 
apollo and cratcegi, the name Parnassii. In 1793 in the Entomologia 
Systematica, however, he made a separate genus for the LycEenids and 
Skippers, giving to it the name Hesperia ; he also revised the groups of 
Papilio and added the group Satyri, in which he placed the Satyrs 
together with sibylla and the MelitEeas. Before his death he had 
H 
