51 
witnessed tlie publication of no less than three important contributions 
to the subject. One of these was by Ochsenheimer, another by a 
Swedish doctor named Dalman, and the third, the most important of all, 
by Jacob Hiibner. Ochsenheimer did not group his genera in any way. 
His arrangement was:—Nymphs, Satyrs, L^caenids, Papilionids, 
Skippers. He divided the genus Vanessa into three families, placing 
cardni and atalanta in A and the rest of our species in B, ant although 
he still included all the Satyrs in the single genus Hipparchia, he 
divided this into families which pretty nearly agree with our present 
generic distribution. Dalman, adopting Latreille’s two main groups, 
divided the first into two unnamed sections; the first of these com¬ 
prises the Nymphalids, the second the Papilionids and Lycamids. 
The first section is in two divisions, corresponding with (a) Nymphs, 
(b) Satyrs ; the second in three, corresponding with (a) Swallow-tails, 
(b) Whites and Yellows, (c) Lycaenids, the latter being all included in 
the genus Zephyr us, which, however, has three named sub-divisions ; 
these are Aurotis (Hair-streaks), Heodes (Coppers with rubi), and 
Cyaniris (Blues), the latter being in two sub-sections. Dalman partly 
adopted Fabrician names for his genera, of which there were ten in all, 
and partly coined new ones; of the latter, Erebia is the only one that 
has come into general use. Hiibner, in his Verzeichniss bekannter 
Schmetterlinge went in for a much more extensive creation of genera than 
any of his predecessors or contemporaries. He dealt with some 1500 
species, and as few of his genera contained more than five or six species 
it will be evident that the number of them was very great. In the 
case of the Satyrs, the eleven species which occur in Britain are 
distributed over four families and ten genera. Hiibner’s main divisions 
were two in number; Nymphales the equivalent of the Nymphalids, 
and Gentiles which included the rest. The Nymphales were divided into 
nine, and the Gentiles into six named divisions called Stirpes, and these 
were again sub-divided into families. The order of arrangement was: 
Nymphs, Satyrs, Lycaenids, Papilionids, Skippers. Hiibner was the 
first to recognise the generic distinctness of lucina, for which he created 
the genus Hamearis, but he still retained this among the Nymphales ; 
he was also the first to break up the Satyrs, and to him we owe the 
names Epinephele, Pararge, Arge, Enodia and Ccenonympha ; he placed 
hyperanthus in a different family from ianira and tithonus, and went 
further than Dalman, by establishing the separate genus Chrysoph anus 
for the Coppers; he also anticipated Stephens by ten years in placing 
sinapis in a separate genus, to which he gave the name Leptosia. To 
Hiibner also we are indebted for the names Pyrameis, Lamp ides, Pithy s, 
Aporia, Euchl'oe, Nisoniades, Pyrgus, Cyclopides and Thymelicus. This 
important work was not widely known at the time, and it was a quarter 
of a century before it began to exert much influence, and then mostly 
in this country, on generic nomenclature. It should be mentioned here 
that Scudder gives reasons for thinking that it appeared in parts and 
was not completed till 1827. 
In 1827, Swainson, in an article in the Philosophical Magazine, 
insisted upon the importance of taking the characters of the pupa 
into account in determining the natural affinities of the Diurna, 
and established five families thus arranged: Nymphalidce, Papilionidce, 
Hesperidce, Polyommatidce (equivalent to the Lyccenida of Leach) and 
Heliconidai, the last not containing any British species. In the 
