52 
following year Horsfield, an American who had formed a fine collection 
in Java, published a catalogue of his lepidoptera. He also divided 
his butterflies into five groups which he called Stirpes and 
arranged them Lycasnids, Papilionids, Nymphs, Satyrs, Skippers. In 
1827-8 Stephens in his Illustrations of British Entomology adopted 
Swainson’s four families, substituting the name Lyccenidce for 
the Polyommatidce of that author, and altering the arrangement to 
Papilionidce, Nymphalidce, Lyccenidce, Hesperidce. In the main he used 
the same generic names as Leach, but separated cratcegi from the other 
Whites, adopting Schrank’s name Pieris for it; he united daplidice and 
cardamines in the genus Mancipium, attributing the name to Hiibner, 
with whose Verzeichniss, however, he was not at that time acquainted. 
He created the genera Leucophasia for sinapis, and Nemeobius for lucina , 
which, however, he still retained in the Nymphalidce, restricted Lyccena 
to the Coppers and Polyommatus to the Blues, and adopted the Fabrician 
genera for the Skippers, shifting malvce, however, to Thymele. 1829 
was again a prolific year, Curtis in this country, Meigen in Germany, 
and, more important than either, Boisduval in France, having published 
systematic lists therein. Curtis in the main agreed with Stephens but 
did not group the genera into families, and made the Satyrs precede the 
Nymphs. He placed lucina, for which he used Hiibner’s name Hamearis, 
at the end of the Nymphs and adopted one genus only for the Skippers. 
The point of interest about Meigen is that he was the first, after 
Hiibner, to divide the Satyrs, creating the genus Melanargia for galathea 
and other kindred species, and applying Schrank’s name Maniola to the 
rest. Boisduval, like Latreille, made several experiments in classifica¬ 
tion ; he was one of those who recognised that a scientific scheme must 
be based upon a consideration of all the stages of the insect, and not 
merely upon the superficial characteristics of the imago. In the Index 
Methodicus of 1829, he in the main followed Latreille, making, 
however, three main groups instead of two:— Papilionidi, Nymphalidi 
and Hesperidi. In 1832, he created the genus Steropes into which he 
afterwards placed paniscus. In 1833, he coined the name Bhoclocera 
for rhamni, rejecting Leach’s earlier name on the ground of its simi¬ 
larity to Gonoptera. In the leones Historiques published 1832-4, he 
substituted the name Bhopalocera, the French equivalent of which had 
been proposed by Dumeril in 1806, for the Diurna of Latreille. In 
this work he changed the names of his three main groups to Succincti, 
Penduli and Involuti, names derived from the mode of pupation. 
Succincti is divided into Papilionidi and Lyccenidi; Penduli into Danaidi, 
Nymphalidi and Satyridi; whilst Involuti is constituted of the single 
tribe Hesperidi. As regards generic names, he restricted Polyommatus 
to the Coppers, and used Argus for the Blues ; Satyridi was divided 
into Arge (galathea), Erebia (medea and epiphron) and Satyrus; in 
Hespericli he created the genera Syrichtus and Thanaos. The first 
volume of the Histoire Naturelle (1836), the only one published by 
Boisduval, marks the establishment of the distinct tribes Pierides and 
Erycinides, the latter being the first recognition of the profound difference 
between lucina and the insects with which it had hitherto been classed. 
In this work also the genus Anthocliaris was created for cardamines. The 
changes introduced in his later work, the Genera et Index Methodicus 
(1840), are the creation of the tribe Apaturides, and the substitution of 
Lyccena for Argus as the generic name of the Blues; indications are 
