53 
also given for tire sub-division of many of the genera. Boisduval nowhere 
shows any sign of acquaintance with Hiibner’s Verzeichniss. In 1837, 
Donzel, a French entomologist, separated cratcegi from the other Whites, 
one of his grounds for so doing being the fact that, whilst in them the 
male carried the female during copulation, in crataegi the reverse 
obtained. He coined the name Leuconea for the separated species. 
In 1810, in his Introduction to the Modern Classification of Insects , 
Westwood adopted the two main divisions of Latreille but renamed 
them Nudi and Involuti from their pupal characteristics. Nudi was 
divided into five families: I. Papdionidce, sub-divided into P apilionides eaid. 
Pierides ; II. Heliconidce ; III. Nymphalidce, sub-divided into Nymphalides 
and Hipparchiides; IY. Erycinidce ; V. Lyccenidce. As regards 
generic names, he in the main followed Stephens, but separated cardui 
from the Vanessas under the Fabrician name Cynthia, and used Hiibner’s 
name Hamearis for lucina. In Westwood and Humphrey’s British 
Butterflies (1811), Euchlde and Aporia were adopted, and the Satyrs were 
broken up into A rge; Lasiommata, a new genus created for megadr a and 
cegeria ; Hipparchia; Ccenonympha; and Oreina, which replaced the 
older Erebia. Chrysophanus was substituted for Lyccena as the generic 
name of the Coppers, and the Skippers were thus arranged : Pyrgus 
( malvce ). Nisoniades (tages ), Cyclopides ( paniscus), Pamphila ( comma, &c .) 
The influence of Hiibner’s Verzeichniss is very evident in this latter 
work. 
In 1813 Herricli-Sckaeffer in his Systematische Bearbeitung divided 
the Rhopalocera into nine families, which are arranged in the following 
order :— Nymphalidce, Danaidce, Satyridce, Libytheidce, Erycinidce, Pieridce, 
Lycoenidce, Papdionidce, Hesperidce. The Satyridce were broken up into 
the following genera:— Arge, Erebia, Satyrus (semele ), Epinephele 
(hyperanthus, , tithonus, ianira), Coenonympha and Pararge, which he 
spells Pararga ( megcera and cegeria). Herrich-Schaeffer included 
crataegi with the other whites in Pieris, but placed claplidice in 
Anthocharis with cardamines ; he applied Lyccena to the Blues, and 
Polyommatus to the Coppers, and iflaced all the Skippers in the single 
genus Hesperia. He was the first to follow Hiibner in placing semele 
in a separate genus. There is a later work of Herrick-Schaeffer, the 
Prodromus Systematis Lepidopterorum, in which a much more elaborate 
classification is set forth. 
In 1811 Diquonckel published a Catalogue Methodique des Lepidopteres 
cVEurope. He adhered to Latreille’s two main groups, but divided the 
first into two sections, section 1 comprising the tribes Danaidce, 
Argynnidce, Vanessidce, Libytheidce, Nymphalidce (restricted to Limenitis 
and Apatura) and Satyridce ; whilst section 2 was composed of tribes 
Papdionidce, Parnassidce, Pieridce, Rhodoceridce, Lyccenidce and Erycinidce. 
Duponchel expressed his preference for the characters of the imago as 
the basis of classification, and his disagreement with Boisduval’s 
practice of taking the other stages of the life history into consideration 
It will be noticed that he placed the Nymphalids first. In 1816 
Edward Doubleday began, in conjunction with Hewitson, the publica¬ 
tion of the Genera of Diurnal Lepidoptera, which was completed after 
his death by Westwood, the final part appearing in August, 1852. 
Doubleday established fifteen families, of which those containing 
British species were thus arranged :— Papdionidce, Pieridce, Danaidce, 
Nymphalidce, Satyridce, Erycinidce, Lycoiiiidce, Hesperidce. He separated 
