30 
visited Paris, where he varied his entomological studies by forming 
friendships with the leaders of the Revolution, and witnessed many of 
the scenes of that eventful period. Fabricius was a voluminous writer, 
and his works, the first of which appeared in 1775, and the last in 
1798, although not illustrated, contain adequate descriptions, accom¬ 
panied by references to, and synonyms from other authors. He shows 
no sign of any acquaintance with the labours of Hufnagel and 
Rottemburg. Many species are first named in his works, among 
them edusa. Esper, who was a Professor at Erlangen, confined his 
attention to lepidoptera. His work is in five volumes, the first of 
which appeared in 1777. It deals only with the macro-lepidoptera, 
and contains coloured figures with lengthy descriptions. References 
are given to Hufnagel and Rottemburg, and their names adopted. 
Fabricius, the Vienna Catalogue, and other authorities are also alluded 
to. Borkhausen, who was connected with the forest administration 
of Darmstadt, published at Frankfort, between 1788 and 1794, 
The Natural History of European Lepidoptera, in five volumes. In this 
the species are systematically arranged, full descriptions of imago, larva 
and pupa are given, and a few figures. Borkhausen, like Fabricius, was 
a profound student of the literature of his subject, and gives copious 
references to earlier authors. He was the last author of this period to 
recognise the claims of Hufnagel and Rottemburg as nomenclators. 
Meanwhile in Augsburg lived an artist named Jacob Hiibner, who 
devoted his leisure to the study of lepidoptera, and to whom we are in¬ 
debted for the most magnificent contribution to the literature of the 
subject that the world has ever seen, or is ever likely to see. This 
comprises three volumes containing over 400 plates coloured by hand 
of larvas and pupae with the food-plants, the artistic beauty of which is 
only equalled by their truthfulness. There are also five volumes con¬ 
taining more than 700 plates, similarly coloured, of imagines, in which 
are nearly 4,000 separate figures. There are also descriptions of the 
species figured and synonymic references to other authors. Hiibner 
based his nomenclature to a very great extent on that of the Vienna 
Catalogue, using the Catalogue names, even where he knew that prior 
names were in existence. It is not imjn’obable that he was personally 
acquainted with Schiffermiiller, whose name occurs among the sub¬ 
scribers to the work. A great many new species were named by him, 
and he has left his mark largely on our existing nomenclature. His 
publications, which include some smaller works, as well as his Magnum 
Opus, range from 1785 to 1824. 
In 1795, William Lewin, an ornithologist as well as an entomologist, 
who lived at Dartford and Hoxton, published a volume of coloured plates 
of British butterflies, with notes in English and French on their habits, 
localities, food-plant of the larva, Ac., but without descriptions of the 
imago. He uses the Hufnagel and Rottemburg names icarus and 
thaumas, as well as some of the Vienna Catalogue names, but evidently 
acquired them in a round about way, as he attributes them all to 
Linnaeus. Two years before, in 1793, Edward Donovan, a man of 
property, commenced the issue of a series of coloured figures with 
descriptions and observations of British specimens of the class Insecta. 
He was an abler man than Lewin, and seems to have possessed almost 
all the entomological literature available at that date, although he knew 
nothing of Forster, nor of Hufnagel and Rottemburg. He took 
