28 
Islewortli physician, uses the Linnsean names in The Outlines of the 
Natural History of Great Britain and Ireland, a later edition of which is 
in our library. Neither Harris nor Berkenhout made any addition to 
the number of named species; the first to do so in this country was 
John Beinhold Forster, a Prussian, who came here in 1766, and was for 
some years a teacher at the dissenting academy at Warrington. He 
collected the insects of that neighbourhood, and in 1770 published a 
catalogue of British insects, which includes 45 butterflies and 158 moths. 
Next year he published descriptions of 100 species which had not been 
described by Linngeus, giving names to them. Four lepidoptera only are 
included in the 100; of these one is an Indian butterfly, the remaining 
three are muralis , which we know by its later name of glandifera; 
miniata, which he classes as a Geometer, and fulvata. Forster intended 
to publish a descriptive work on the insect fauna of this country; this 
intention was, however, frustrated by his appointment as naturalist to 
the second expedition of Captain Cook. 
Passing now to Germany, we come to Hufnagel, a Berlin cleric, 
described by one who knew him well as a very accurate observer, a 
thorough connoisseur, and a zealous friend of natural history, who 
published a catalogue of the lepidoptera, found in the neighbourhood of 
Berlin, systematically arranged, and containing names, a description of 
imago, and (where known) of larva, with particulars of food-plant, 
season and locality. This catalogue, which only includes what 
we know as the Macro-lepidoptera, was published at intervals from 
1766 to 1769, in the pages of a Berlin scientific magazine. The 
Linnsean names are adopted, and many new species named. Objection 
has been made to the admission of Hufnagel to a place in the ranks of 
the nomenclators, on the ground that his descriptions are not sufficiently 
precise and detailed for identification. This defect was noted at the 
time, and it appears that Hufnagel intended to correct it by the publica¬ 
tion of more extended notes or figures, but was prevented, by appoint¬ 
ment to some more onerous post, from carrying out this intention. 
Under these circumstances a friend and neighbour, Yon Bottemburg, 
who had frequent opportunities of communication with him, and who 
had access to his collection, undertook the task, and produced a series 
of notes on those species in Hufnagel’s catalogue which needed further 
elucidation; he also gives descriptions of and names to some new 
species not mentioned by Hufnagel. Yon Bottemburg’s descriptions 
are elaborate enough to remove the difficulty of identification from 
Hufnagel’s names. They appeared in a natural history magazine 
published at Halle during the years 1775-76-77. It is not surprising 
that, as it was only to be found in the pages of magazines, the work 
of these two men should have been less widely known than that of 
some of their successors. It was naturally best known to the German 
naturalists, and as we shall hereafter see, some of their names obtained 
currency in this country at an early period. A great many of the 
changes introduced into our nomenclature by the Entomologist List are 
due to the substitution of the names given by one or other of these 
authors for later ones. Of the thirteen changes in butterfly nomen¬ 
clature, six are due to this cause. We next come to an authority, upon 
the exact value of which opinion is divided, and which is known by the 
name of the Vienna Catalogue, and is indicated in our lists by the 
letters W.Y. or S.V., or by the contraction Schiff. This work was pub- 
