INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER. 
25 
Hold - with - Hope. Beyond this he continued for 
nearly a week in a general northerly hearing, and on 
June 27 again saw land, which he named Newland or 
43-reenland, but which seems to have been Spitzbergen, 
near Yogelhoek, in 78° 53' N. For the next fortnight 
he tacked about. In July he seems to have advanced 
•as far north as the Seven Islands, but the ice prevented 
him from reaching a higher latitude. In 1766 Tcliit- 
-schakoff went to Spitzbergen, and attempted to reach 
the Pole, but was stopped by ice at 80° 28' N. Cap¬ 
tains Phipps and Lutwidge, with Horatio Nelson among 
their crew, renewed the attempt in 1773. Ice only 
was visible from the summit of a mountain on one of 
the Seven Islands. They reached 80° 36' N. in 2° E. 
and 80° 48' N. in 20° E., and had failed in penetrating 
any part of the pack edge in the intervening region. 
On August 7 the ice at the edge of the pack was 
twenty-four feet thick. In 1776, Pages is said to have 
reached 81° 30' N. to the north of Spitzbergen. In 
1806 Captain Scoresby reached as high as 81° 30', and 
reported that the sea was open for many leagues to 
the E.N.E.; but as his object was whales, he made no 
attempt to see how far north this open water extended. 
Captain Brook surveyed the north coast of Spitzbergen 
in 1807. In 1818, Captains Buchan and John Franklin 
went north in two old whalers, and penetrated the 
