190 
A VOYAGE TO SPITZBEBGEN. 
by the lighter ice-water, which is nearly fresh, and of 
less specific gravity. 
July 1.—We were clear of the ice, and had a lower 
temperature than before obtained. If the flow of warm 
water came from the south, the surface-temperature 
would have been greater than any temperature as yet 
obtained, because of the absence of ice. 
July 6.—This observation shows a gradual increase 
as far down as 200 fathoms. We were well in the ice, 
and were prevented from continuing our sounding ope¬ 
rations. Little evaporation has taken place, owing to 
the closeness of the ice and the gradual increase of the 
temperature, with one exception, which occurred on 
the 18th of June, when a temperature of 48° was 
obtained,—showing that the temperatures are materially 
affected by local causes, the closeness of the pack or 
the opening of the ice allowing evaporation to take 
place. 
July 7.—Here, where the ice is close, there is a 
great difference between the surface temperature 
and that at the ice-foot. We pulled up a very beau¬ 
tiful description of star-fish (figured on the opposite 
page), which would not be likely to inhabit this warm 
current were it of volcanic origin. 
July 10.—The crew being required elsewhere, we 
could not continue our sounding experiments. The 
