31 
to speak, the material at my command being far too limited ; I have 
never seen a continental spadicearia (= ferrugaria ) at all like corculata 
(= unidentaria), but I suppose such must sometimes occur, since such 
good entomologists as Treitschke, Zeller, and Guene'e, have united the 
two, on the ground that every intermediate variation may be found. 
Zeller, however, hesitated somewhat to the last, as to whether they were 
not distinct (see some notes in S.E.Z., xxxviii., p. 464, 1877), and the 
material from his collection, where the former was separately labelled 
“ var. spadicearia,” shows that he correctly differentiated them. Dr. 
Rossler of Wiesbaden, repeatedly bred spadicearia from the egg, always 
obtaining only spadicearia ; but with singular perversity he still treats 
it as a mere variety of his ferrugata (= unidentaria, Haw.,) remarking 
that “ For the production of the latter form, with dark red or black 
central area, other food, or greater variation of temperature, appears to 
be required” ( Die Schuppenflugler, &c., 1880). 
Geographical distribution. —I have been somewhat surprised to 
find that the range of our common ferrugaria, Haw., appears to be much 
more restricted than that of its ally. I have no certain information of 
its occurrence beyond the confines of Europe, though it is very probable 
that it may extend into Siberia. It is abundant in the British Islands, 
though Mr. Collins of Warrington tells me he has not taken it, but only 
unidentaria, in his district; it is also common in Scandinavia ; fairly 
so in Germany and Austria, though generally less so, or more local, than 
unidentaria; probably common throughout France; though as no French 
entomologist has given us two species, records must be received with 
caution; Eversmann, in his Fauna Volgo-Uralensis, describes varieties 
which must belong to this species; and Doubleday’s general collection 
contains a pretty narrow banded form, labelled “ Russia.” Staudinger’s 
“ Europe (except Andalusia, Sardinia and Greece); Bithynia; Altai; 
Amur,” is entirely unreliable, as he treats all the red forms as one 
species. 
Unidentaria, as we call it, has, on the other hand, a very wide range 
throughout the Pakearctic and Nearctic regions, though Staudinger, with 
his defective knowledge of the species, only gives England, North 
Germany, and doubtfully Finland, Livonia, &c. Even limiting the 
name to the black aberration, I have seen specimens also from Southern 
Germany, Vienna, Scandinavia, Zurich, and Tuscany; Duponchel 
figures it, and Berce ( Fame Ent. Frangaise, V.), indicates it as French; 
Snellen ( Vlinders ), as Dutch; Eversmann, as Russian, etc. Indeed,the 
range of this aberration is probably co-extensive with that of the red 
form. We may, perhaps, safely give this species the same list of localities 
that Staudinger has given to his ferrugata, with the addition of great 
part of North America, where, as in Europe, it is dimorphic in respect 
of colouring, so that American entomologists have supposed that they 
obtain both the ferrugaria and unidentaria of Haworth. There is some 
ground for believing the range of the species is also extended southward 
to Java, for a very able entomologist, P. C. T. Snellen, exhibited speci¬ 
mens collected there by Herr Piepers, in 1881, at a meeting of the 
Nederlandsche Entomologische Vereeniging, with Dutch examples for 
comparison; and the report reads that “ Cidaria ferrugata agrees 
entirely with European examples of the black-banded variety unidentaria, 
Haw.” On the other hand, the general representative of this species 
in Australasia is cymaria, Gn., of which I have a specimen in my box. 
