34 
Spiracles black ; below them the sides are very prominently reddish 
oehreous and paler. Between the snbdorsal line and the spiracles is a 
pale waved thread. Belly brownish, with a broad, pale, oehreous 
central band enclosing a brown thread and edged with two brown 
threads, between which and the spiracles a row of black dots is usually 
situated, or a broad, blackish, much-interrupted band. Head pale 
brown, dusted with darker, and with a broad, black dash on the outside 
of each lobe. A conspicuous black dash in front of the first pair of 
prolegs. 
Pupa. —Highly polished, moderately stout. Anal extremity with a 
short strong spike. Dark red brown, wing cases and dorsal shade ill- 
defined, often not indicated by colour. 
Ferrugaria var. salicaria (Scotch form from Bannoch), described 
19th July, 1875. This form is, I believe, single-brooded. 
Larva. —Elongate (stouter than the English form), slightly attenu¬ 
ated anteriorly: head rounded, face shining, spots raised. Oehreous 
with a pink tinge, mottled and shaded with grey on the anterior segments 
A series of large pale dorsal diamonds, each containing a conspicuous 
black spot, from 5th to 10th segments; on the remaining segments is 
often a dark grey dorsal line. The anterior half of each of these 
diamonds is outlined with black and filled up with jnnkish, thus form¬ 
ing a triangle with blunt apex, having a black spot below the base. 
Sub-dorsal and a line below it waved, thread-like, of a paler shade than 
the ground colour. Spiracular line dark grey, spiracles black. Belly 
and sides below the sjDiracles pale pinkish-ochreous, sometimes oehreous 
or reddish. A pale ventral band, edged with a brown shade, containing 
two black lines, and with a row of prominent marginal black spots, 
one on each segment, from the 4th to the 10th. 
Pupa .—Highly polished, moderately stout. Anal extremity with a 
short strong spike. Bright red brown, wing cases and dorsal shade 
darker brown. 
“ From these descriptions you will observe that there is really more 
difference between the form salicaria and ferrugaria than between the latter 
and unidentaria. In the one, mention is made of dorsal diamonds and 
in the other, of triangles, but the variety supplies the connecting link 
and explains the reason. The three larvae are practically 
identical, the exaggeration or obliteration of the markings of the one 
would make the description of the other apply. Here again we have 
the colour difficulty; they are (I allude to our English species) so 
excessively variable that mere colour is no guide. Of the Scotch form 
I had only some eighteen or twenty larva3 and they did not vary much, 
but this is too small a number on which to base an opinion. 
“ The pupae again seem the same, allowing for the colour question ” 
(C. Fenn, in litt., 4th March, 1893). 
I quoted Mr. Sydney Webb’s notes on the larvae in the Record 
(iii., p. 151). I may add that many years ago Mr. D’Orville, of Exeter, 
bred both species side by side three years consecutively, without being 
able to distinguish the larvae (E. M. M., i., p. 92). I have a few empty 
pupa cases here this evening, and you will observe that these differ 
quite perceptibly in colour, and this difference is not correlated with 
that of the band of the imago. 
Several exact dates have been put on record in our English 
magazines on the duration of the early stages in different broods; for 
