23 
But the most difficult question still remains. Which of the red 
species did Clerck figure as ferrugata ? I have spent a great deal of 
time in studying his figure, and yet I am afraid to express any positive 
opinion on the question. The figure is very poor, with whitish ground 
colour, pale red central band traversed with distinct lines, and large 
didymated spot, coalescing in heart form. On account of the colour 
of the band and the distinctness of the lines, Zeller, G-uenee, and the 
Scandinavian lepidopterists have accepted it as representing spadicearia, 
Bkh. ( = ferrugaria, Haw.), and Prof. Aurivillius (to whose courtesy I 
am indebted for some Swedish specimens sent to assist in clearing up 
the synonymy) sent me this species as “ the true ferrugata, Cl.” On the 
other hand, the whitish outer area in Clerck’s figure is quite irrecon¬ 
cilable with any representative of this species I have ever seen, but 
agrees well with my “ var. corculata ” from Sweden, and with the Lin- 
nEean type of “ ferrugata both these latter are certainly of the species 
known here as unidentaria, and it is noteworthy that they both have 
the band of a lightish and somewhat faded-looking red, not very far 
removed from Clerck’s figure. 
With regard to the LinnEean type, which I carefully examined last 
Christmas, there is good reason to believe it to be genuine, indeed there 
could be no reason for its having been re-named or interfered with in 
any way, since neither Linnseus nor Smith recognised two distinct 
allied species; it was evidently a good specimen when taken, is set in 
the LinnEean style, and is now somewhat faded and minus abdomen and 
hind wings; it is unquestionably what we know as “red unidentaria ,” 
and, as I have already said, fairly near Clerck’s figure, and a still 
existent reddish form, as attested by my corculata from Aurivillius. I . 
may add that Smith or some other British entomologist has followed it 
by a series of six “ferrugata ” from England, which consist of four 
South English ferrugaria, Haw. and two black unidentaria, Haw. 
The exanqfies for delineation in Clerck’s leones were from his own 
collection, and those of LinnEeus and others of his disciples; and it is 
just possible that the specimen still existing in LinnEeus’ collection is 
the very t}q:>e of Clerck, though if so he has in his figure greatly 
exaggerated the size of the twin spots; at any rate I am rather inclined 
to believe that the entire absence of an outer ochreous band shows that 
Clerck had red unidentaria before him, and that therefore, as Ereyer, 
Herrich-Schaffer, and probably Staudinger (all having access to Clerck’s 
work) admit, the name ferrugata rightly belongs to the darker-banded 
of the two species, and that the ferrugaria of Haworth should be called 
spadicearia, W.Y. or spadicearia, Bkh. 
But, such conflicting views obtaining about the identity of 
ferrugata, Cl., it seems that the synonymy can only be cleared up by 
ignoring it altogether, and either accepting the ferrugata of the Fauna 
Suecica, which is universally acknowledged to be the darker-banded 
species, as the type, or by calling that species corculata, Hfn., and adopt¬ 
ing the spadicearia of the Vienna Catalogue as the name of the lighter 
red species ( ferrugaria, Haw.). 
I have drawn out the following synonymic table, bracketing the 
name ferrugata, Cl. as doubtful. 
1. (Ferrugata, ? Cl., Ic. 6. 14; Linn., F. S., 1292). 
Corculata, Hfn., 91; Rott., Naturf. xi., p. 87; Aurivill. (in litt.). 
