6 
2. There is no Tc in Latin; 3. The Greek letters k and y are invariably 
sounded hard in that language; 4. When a name (Latinised of course) 
which comes from a Greek root is given to an insect and contains the 
Greek k, the letter c has to be substituted for the latter ; 5. The letters 
c and g in English, have both a hard and soft sound, and which of 
the two is to be used depends upon the vowel that follows them. Re¬ 
ference to an English dictionary will reveal the fact, that whenever the 
consonant c is immediately followed by either of the vowels a, o or u 
the c is hard ; but when c is followed by e, i, y , ce or ce, it is soft. Good 
illustrations of the hard and soft sounds of c are to be found in our 
Catalogues of Lepidoptera. Among the Bombycidae we find B. quercus 
and L. quercifolia ; in the former the consonant is hard, because followed 
by u ; in the latter soft, because followed by i, although the latter name 
is derived from the former. Other examples of the hard c are found in 
cassiope and conspicuata , of the soft in centonalis cytherea, urticae and 
Coenonympha. 
The letter g is in the same category, and is sounded hard or soft in 
accordance with the same rules. There are several exceptions to the 
rule in the English language, when g is followed by e or i, as for 
example, get and give-, but in Latin there are none—the rule must be 
observed strictly. Examples of the hard and soft g are also numerous, 
especially among the Rhopalocera. In galatea, aegon and exigua, the g 
is hard; in agestis, crataegi, argiolus, lithargyria and megaera, it is soft. 
These two consonants seem to me to be the chief stumbling-blocks 
in the pronunciation of Latin, by persons who have not had efficient 
instruction in the language. Such persons do not seem to realise the 
fact that when a Latin name is formed from a Greek root, or, as in the 
name caendeocepliala, from a combination of Latin and Greek roots, it 
becomes de facto a Latin word, and that the sound of the Greek conso¬ 
nants is consequently inadmissible. Lactometer is the English term for 
an instrument used in determining the quality of milk; it is derived 
from the Latin lac (milk, and the Greek metron (a measure, but it is 
a purely English word notwithstanding its derivation. 
The only other consonant which seems to require notice is j. I 
suppose that if I said there was no j in Latin, I should be confronted 
with proof to the contrary from a Latin dictionary, and should be asked 
how I got rid of th ej in Jupiter and Juno. I, however, must maintain 
that there is no Latin letter which has the sound of the English j, and, 
in proof of my statement, I produce a school-book called First Jjatin 
Primer; in the vocabulary at the end of this no words will be found 
underhand the names which I suggested might be produced to confute 
me will be found printed Iupiter, Iuno. in fact, in none of the Latin 
educational works now being printed for the use of schools, is the letter 
j to be found; i being substituted throughout. There is no doubt that 
the rounded j is the modern form of i, as v is of u, both being used in¬ 
differently with vowel or consonant power. In the Century English 
Dictionary, the following passage occurs :—“ J is only another form of 
J, the two forms having formerly been used indifferently, or, J preferred 
when final. In Latin, for example, i was written where we write 
both i and j, and had, now the vowel value of i, and now the consonant 
value of j, being pronounced as y, where we now write and pronounce j ; 
e.g. — Hallelujah. As a numeral j is a variant form of i, used generally 
at the end of a series of numerals, and now only in medical prescriptions 
