83 
Early form with 5 and 6 
movable. 
Pupa straight. 
Pupa curved. 
3 
incisions (2 segments) 
with 
movement 
Aporinae 
9 
2 
„ (1 segment) 
)) 
>> 
Pierinae 
Bhodocerinae 
1 
)) 
? 
9 
0 
}> 
9 
Anthocarinae 
In the Nymphalids we again find that movement of segments is lost 
in some tribes. If we assume those with full movement to be the 
lowest (that is the least divergent from the ancestral form), then we 
must give this place to the Vanessidi ("figs. 12-13-14-15), Argynnidi 
(including Melitaea), Acraeidi, Heliconidi and Apaturidi. Of these the 
Argynnidi would be the highest, as they have lost the straight form 
that would result from their derivation from the Pierids. Whether 
we may attach any value to the very Pierid-like aspect of sundry 
Acraea pupae as showing them to be the lowest, is more than I am 
prepared to assert. The Satyrinae (usually so-called) would be entitled 
to be divided into several tribes, the lowest (the Meadow Browns) with 
freedom of movement preserved, being a tribe some steps in advance of 
the Argynnidi. 
One chief reason for looking upon them as near the Argynnidi is the 
pattern of the pupal markings, which is very much the same as in 
Argynnis and Vanessa. The remainder form two or more tribes 
according to the loss of movement to one incision (hyperanthus) (figs. 
22-23J, or absolutely ( semele , galatea). Though contrary to our 
traditions to place galatea as far away from ianira as Vanessa is from 
Argynnis, it is not so shocking -on a little consideration as at first sight 
it appears. The pupa of Vanessa has very much the general aspect 
of that of Papilio, but differs in its method of suspension and 
in the suppression of antero-posterior movement. The Nymphalidi 
and Apaturidi have gone beyond Vanessa in developing various 
remarkable forms, but they retain the same degree of segmental 
mobility. When we come to purely exotic sub-families I am sorry 
that my material is so small. The Euploeinae (fig. 17) develop a remark¬ 
able ridge across the third abdominal segment and lose freedom of 
movement altogether, thus giving rise to remarkable forms as, for 
instance, in the genus Euthalia, where this ridge and others are 
developed in an extreme degree, forming sharp angles and making the 
pupa not unlike, among pupae, what the larva of Hybocampa milhauseri 
is amongst larvae. In some instances of which I have seen specimens 
and drawings there is apparently a mimicking of some, no doubt 
unsavoury, Hemipteron, the pupa being fully exjDOsed on a leaf. 
Char axes (fig. 21) is very close to the Euploeinae, and has no near 
relationship to the Apaturidi or Nymphalidi (White Admirals), which is 
awkward, as Nymphalis is a generic name often used instead of 
Char axes. Char axes has a very smooth rounded pupa, without move¬ 
ment, and very like that of Euploea, deprived of its ridges and angles. 
In the Brassolinae (figs. 19-20) an even more remarkable condition 
occurs. There appears to be no movement of any segment; but the 
intersegmental membrane of the hinder margin of the fourth 
abdominal segment is much expanded, and forms a portion of the solid 
surface of the pupa equal to about two-fifths of the whole segment; 
