89 
Though, as a matter of fact, the families of true butterflies arose in 
the order indicated, yet, from our present position in time, we might 
almost regard them as having arisen simultaneously; each was already 
separate and distinct, before any of them had made any advance 
towards the higher sub-families, tribes and genera which are now most 
characteristic of them. 
The primeval butterfly attained by a separate route almost the same 
pupal structure as the Macro-Heterocera, and gave origin to all the 
separate families without any substantial change of that structure; but 
in each family the higher tribes have attained a special and more 
advanced pupal form, in this respect contrasting with the fixedness of 
form in the pupa of the Macro-Heterocera and being more in accordance 
with the manner of evolution of the Micro-Tineina. 
The numerous very definite Micro-Heterocerous characters of the 
Hesperids seem to furnish a clear indication of their derivation, and to 
enable us to accept the completely micro-characters of Castnia and 
Sesia as placing them on the line of butterfly evolution, and not as put¬ 
ting a gulf between them and butterflies. But especially they appear 
to prove the descent, either by this or by some other route, of the 
butterflies from the Micro-Heterocera, and to show that, except 
through the Micro-Heterocera, the butterflies are unrelated to the 
Macro-Heterocera, with which, however, they are structurally more 
parallel in many respects; i.e., they are not only as highly, but very 
similarly differentiated, although quite independently. 
It ought, perhaps, to be noted that the Hesperid proper underwent 
further evolution after the separation of the butterfly stirps. 
I have endeavoured to make the relationships of the several forms of 
pupae dealt with in this paper more definitely obvious, by using them 
in the table below as a basis for the general classification of the 
Bhopalocera. 
gcheme of Glassification of bhopalocera founded on 
the structure of the pupse. 
PAPILIONES. 
? (Pupa a true “ Micro ” = CASTNIIDES). 
1. —Pupa broadly a “ Macro ” but possessing some “ Micro ” characters 
= HESPERIDES. 
2. —Pupa possessing no “ Micro ” characters, except, sometimes, a waist 
or the opening of some incision on dehiscence 
= PAPILIONIDES. 
A. —Clothed with hairs, setae or bristles ; no spines ; no 
intersegmental sub-segment; head beneath thorax; 
waist marked = LYCAENIDA. 
a. —Second leg reaches eves, separating first leg from antennae 
= LEMON1IDAE . 
1. —Hairs confined to tubercles; 5th and 6th abdominal 
segments both free ( Euselasia ) 
== Erycininae. 
2. —(5th segment only free ?). 
3. —(One free incision ?) 
4. —Pupa solid; hairs on general surface 
= Nemeobiinae • 
