342 
J. T. DUNCAN. 
instances of very extensive consolidation, the sounds detectable by 
ansculation and those emitted by percussion are very trivial. In 
such it is found that the alteration of structures is most extensive 
in the central portion of the lungs. One symptom is very diag¬ 
nostic of this condition, namely: much coughing when the ani¬ 
mal attempts to swallow ; this is caused by the exudate pressing 
upon the oesophagus within the chest and retarding the act of deg¬ 
lutition. 
Thermometry. —The importance of this has already been 
touched upon. The use of the thermometer is held to be so 
valuable a guide in discovering the presence of contagious dis¬ 
eases, that the British Privy Council insists on its use in all 
suspected cases, and directs that so long as the temperature of an 
animal is elevated, such animal must be retained in quarantine. 
It is of the - last importance, then, that, especially in connection 
with this disease, the subject be understood as thoroughly as pos¬ 
sible. 
“ The domestic animals present a tolerably constant tempera¬ 
ture in health, i. e., this warmth is not dependent on the atmos¬ 
phere in which they are. Thus, in man it is 35.5° Centigrade 
(99.5° Fahrenheit); in the horse, about 38.25° C. (100.85° F.), 
and in cattle, 38.2° C. (100.76° F.), these numbers being the aver¬ 
age from numerous observations. 
“ In disease, we find more or less alteration, and Claude Ber¬ 
nard lias proved that a disease may be fundamentally diagnosed 
by the mere deviations of the temperature from the normal stan¬ 
dard.” 
It has been known since the days of Hippocrates that increase 
of temperature was a reliable sign of disease, but it is only since 
the invention of the thermometer that this can be measured ex¬ 
actly, 
“ Clinical Thermometry is that which furnishes us with the 
variations of the animal temperature during disease * * * 
It proves of immense advantage to the practical veterinarian, un¬ 
der some circumstances pointing out the approach of disease * 
* * * * * and provides valuable hints in the treatment. 
“ This instrument (thermometer) is necessary where exact- 
