17 
of veterinary jurisprudence with even a course on the history of the 
Veterinary Art completes the comprehensive scheme of instruction.’’ 
In Sweden the course is almost similar and entends over four years, 
including a summer and winter session. At Turin, Berlin, Toulouse, 
Lyons, Alfort, Vienna, and other continental cities may be seen large 
establishments embracing Lecture-rooms, Dissecting-rooms, Museum, 
Library, Laboratory, Botanic gardens, Forge, Hospital, the latter pro¬ 
vided with foot baths, Turkish baths, slinging apparatus, and every 
adjunct to a Veterinary Hospital. 
In the next number we will consider the profession in America as 
it should be and as it is, and some suggestions how to place it in its 
proper position. 
( To be continued .) 
EFFECTS OF COLD. 
Head before the New York Veterinary Society, Jan. ‘loth, 1877. 
by A. A. Holcombe, D. V. S. Plainfield , V J. 
Mr. President and Gentlemen oe the Society : 
Cold is the absence of heat. It is simply one of the sensations we 
experience when subjected to a temperature much lower than the 
normal temperature of the body, or to a temperature considerably* 
lower than that accustomed to. The human body is susceptible 
of very great variations of temperature. A variation of one 
hundred and fifty degrees is easily withstood by a person in 
health. The change must be more or less gradual to prevent delete¬ 
rious effects. A dry cold atmosphere is more easily withstood, than a 
moist one at the same temperature. Cold, according to the way it is 
employed is a refrigerator, a tonic, an excitant, a depressant, or an 
anaesthetic. The application of cold withdraws heat from the body, 
and cools both the surface and the deep parts. The blood coming 
through the capillaries near the surface is reduced in temperature, and 
being constantly carried away and as constantly replaced by fresh 
blood, the entire mass of this fluid soon undergoes a perceptible depres¬ 
sion of temperature. If this reduction of temperature is continued, 
death ensues, and the fluids harden into ice. Patients have been 
known to remain for six days in a stiffened condition, due to the effects 
of a low temperature, and ultimately recover. In these cases there are 
only slight appearances of life exhibited. The pulse can hardly be felt. 
