JURISPRUDENCE. 
119 
His opinion must be unfettered and uncompromised—being neither 
influenced by friendship, flattery, or money, nor swayed by fear of 
offence nor threats of withdrawal of custom by either party. On 
a horse being submitted for examination, he should be allowed to 
stand at least half an hour; if longer, all the better. He must be 
observed in the stable. Ten minutes watching of his actions in the 
stall will often give the key to the weak points. Observe if he is 
a free feeder, if he coughs while feeding. Navicular disease, corns, 
and most lameness, will be indicated by pointing, resting or shift¬ 
ing the feet. The lameness of spavin will be indicated by stiffness 
in moving from one side to the other in the stall, as will also be 
string halt. His breathing should also^be noticed when quiet in the 
stable. On being backed out of the stall, it will be seen whether 
he is a shiverer or not, and when being led out any stiffness of ac¬ 
tion will be noticed. The examiner must now stand a few yards 
from him in front and critically examine by the eye, the head- 
chest and fore legs; then, moving to the side, observe his general 
outline, mode of standing, capulet. or enlarged elbow, enlarged 
knee, fetlock, ring-bone in the forelegs, bog-spavin, curb-capped 
hock, and ring-bone behind. Taking a position a few yards be ? 
hind him, he compares the symmetry of the quarters; observe if they 
are both alike ; thorough-pin, wind-galls and interfering should be 
looked for. The opposite side being viewed in the same way, he 
should now be led straight out at a walk, the examiner noticing 
his actions carefully as he walks from him, and especially as he 
comes back in a straight line to him. He should be trotted in the 
same way, and any peculiarity of action or lameness noted. He 
is now to be subjected to a most careful manual inspection, which 
will be materally assisted by the preliminary observations. The 
inspector will generally commence by noting the mouth, in which 
the teeth will indicate the age. The incisors should be carefully 
examined to discover false marks by which old horses are made to 
appear young, a process known as 4 bishoping ’; but, from the 
length, shape and direction of the teeth, the artificial mark being 
irregular and generally deeper, and not surrounded by a ring of 
enamel, an experienced observer will easily distinguish between 
the genuine and substituted marks. The incisors will also indicate 
