120 
JURISPRUDENCE. 
a crib-biter, by having the edges worn away. The molar teeth 
should also be examined to make certain of their being sound and 
regular. A diseased tooth, or a long irregular one, will often render 
an animal almost useless, and may result in permanent unsound¬ 
ness. This part of the examination is too often conducted in a 
careless manner. The tongue should also be examined. It is some 
times lacerated, or amputated, either of which may cause, no^ 
only inconvenience, but may reduce the animal’s usefulness and 
value very materially, and should never be overlooked. The 
nostrils should be next examined, their size, shape, and degree of 
dilatation, will indicate the lung capacity, or disease of the re¬ 
spiratory organs. Tims a broken-winded horse will have the nostrils 
permanently dilated. A small nostril indicates a corresponding de¬ 
ficiency of lung development. The color and condition of the 
lining membrane should be critically considered. Glanders, nasal 
gleet, tumors, catarrh, may all be indicated by this membrane, 
and confirmed by other symptoms. The eye will now be care¬ 
fully examined, protected from reflections of white objects by 
shading with a black hat. It is to be viewed from before, behind 
and at the sides, observing whether the cornea is clear and trans¬ 
parent. Opacity of the cornea, however slight, is unsound. The 
aqueous humour should be clear. Mudness or floating specks in it 
indicate disease. The pupil should be oval, and its borders regu¬ 
lar, and should close in a bright light and dilate in a dim one. The 
lens should be clear and transparent. Any speck or opacity may in¬ 
dicate specific opthalmia or even cataract. The examination of 
the eyes should be conducted in a bright sunlight and afterwards 
in a dark loose box or stable. The ears should next be examined- 
Tumors sometimes fill up the external ear, or sores may give rise 
to difficulty in bridling or a tendency to shaking of the head, by 
which the bridle or halter is displaced. They should be examined 
also to ascertain the perfection of hearing. Few horses are deaf, 
yet a deaf horse is an unsound and often a dangerous one. His 
manner of carrying his ears will generally be an indication of his 
temperament and intelligence. The lopped ear indicates sluggish¬ 
ness and stupidity, an erect, actively moving ear indicates activity 
and intelligence. The parotid and submasulliary glands should be 
