JURISPRUDENCE. 
121 
successively scrutinized. Enlargement of either should lead to 
careful examination of both the upper and lower air passages- 
The upper part of the head should be free from all swelling, either 
inflammatory or indurated, the former indicating the existence 
or commencement of pole-evil, the latter its having existed and its 
liability to it, thus rendering the animal less useful as well as less 
valuable, therefore unsound. The neck, especially under the 
mane, should be free from skin diseases and sores from the pres¬ 
sure of the upper part of the collar. Draught horses are fre¬ 
quently rendered less useful from these causes. The seat of the 
collar on the side of the neck and shoulder should be free from 
collar galls or sitfasts. The withers should be examined for fistula. 
The back for saddle galls, sitfasts or stiffness (anchylosis). The 
pelvis is now to be carefully observed, by comparing both quar¬ 
ters. A flattened or depressed quarter indicates a previous fracture 
of the bones which, although in many cases, especially in geldings, 
does not interfere with his usefulness, lessens his value, and must 
not be overlooked. In mares it is often more serious, by lessening 
the size of the pelvis and its relaxation during parturition. The 
extent of the injury and its effects can only be understood by 
correct anatomical knowledge of the parts, but even a slight de¬ 
fect in the pelvic bones must be considered unsound. The tail 
should be examined. If it hangs powerless, it may have been 
fractured, and although he may be as useful as ever, his market 
value is lessened, and he is therefore unsound. Melanotic tumors, 
and diseased bone on the end of the tail (^exfoliation after ampu¬ 
tation) constitute unsoundness. Melanotic tumors involving the 
anus, no matter how small they may be, constitute unsoundness. 
The abdomen will now be examined for rupture, the uninary and 
genital organs will also be inspected, for tumors or erruptions on 
the penis, dropsy of the scrotum (hydrocele), hernia of the scrotum 
in the male, cancer, leucorrhoea and ruptured perineum in the 
female. The examiner will now examine both jugular veins. An 
obliterated jugular is unsound; a small jugular will indicate a ten. 
* It is true that this may be got rid of by reamputation, yet tetanus may be 
induced and result in death ; consequently we must consider the animal unsound- 
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