122 
A. LIAUTARD. 
dency to 4 staggers.’ The fore extremity will be examined for 
atrophy of the muscles covering the blade bone, thickening and 
injuries of the flexor brachii, deep seated abscesses ; the chest for 
atrophy of the muscles, indicating chronic rheumatism or navicular 
disease; the elbow for capulet, a tumor caused by bruising of 
the part by pressure, owing to the animal lying on the caulker or 
heel of the shoe, which often causes loss of time and is a serious 
blemish, depreciating the value of the animal and therefore renders 
ing him unsound. Enlarged bursse above the knee, either in 
front or behind, may not interfere with an animal’s usefulness, but 
reduce his value. Bony tumors of the knee, distended capsules, 
thickened ligaments or tendons or whatever interferes with or 
looses the mobility of the joint, renders him unsound. Scars on the 
knee indicate a tendency to stumble, and should be always pointed 
out to the buyer. They may merely be blemishes which in no way 
interfere with his usefulness, but few gentlemen will buy a broken 
kneed horse for hack or family purposes. A splint, if situated at 
the head of the bone near the joint, or if large and liable to cause 
interfering, and while in a growing condition, attended by pain 
and lameness, is unsound, but, if small, situated low down, and 
not causing lameness, it does not constitute unsoundness. Osteo¬ 
phyte formations, and bony tumors at the lower end of the can¬ 
non bone, are unsound. Osseous formation involving the sessa- 
moids or their groove, or any enlargement of the posterior part of 
the fetlock, render an animal unsound. 
_ 
EXTRACTS FROM FOREIGN PAPERS 
By A. LIAUTARD, M.D.,Y.S. 
VENTRAL HERNIA IN THE HORSE. 
Mr. Chucliu of Alfort, reports a case of that nature which waf 
healed by the application of a pad kept in place by surcingle and 
straps passing in different directions round the body of the animal 
and secured on his back; much difficulty however being encoun¬ 
tered in rendering the pad immovable from the situation of the 
