ANATOMY OF REGIONS. 
147 
ANATOMY OF REGIONS, 
Translated from Pencil and Toussaint, Precis de Chirurgie Veterin- 
aire , by A. Liautard, M.D., V.iS. 
Continued from Page 326, Vol. I. 
AUDITIVE APPARATUS. 
Serving to the perception of hearing, it comprehends three 
parts, one of which only is visible externally. It is the external 
ear , simply called the ear. The other two are concealed in the 
thickness of the temporal bone. They are called the middle and 
the internal ear. 
EXTERNAL EAR. 
It is limited externally by the concha or pavilion and a nar¬ 
rower canal formed by an incomplete annular cartilage and a 
bony canal, named in descriptive anatomy the external auditory 
canal. The membrana tympani separates the external from the 
middle ear. The interference of the surgeon is generally only ap¬ 
plied to the external ear. 
The pavilion of the ear has the form of a funnel notched 
upon one of its sides. Its mobility is cpiite great; thus the ani¬ 
mal can at will turn its opening in all directions. The motions of 
the ears are independent from each other. The dimensions of 
the ears vary in limited proportion, a small being always a pretty 
ear. As for the direction, the ear must be vertical; dropping 
ears generally indicating a lack of energy. Two different organs 
constitute the pavilion of the ear: the outside, where the skin lines 
the internal face and reflexes itself upon its free border to cover 
also the external, including in its layers the cartilaginous frame. 
Externally, the skin is thin and generally covered with short hairs, 
those of the interior of the ear being much longer and finer. They 
somewhat conceal the opening of the auditory canal. 
The concha gives the ear its form; thin towards its free bor¬ 
der, it thickens as it becomes narrower; in its inferior part it 
forms only a tube about one centimeter in diameter, which through 
an annular ligament is continued and attached to the external 
auditory canal. It is not properly speaking a ring, but a cartilag- 
