236 
G. A. SANHAM. 
If the external temperature is higher than that of the body, it 
has no influence on the heat of the body. The circulation of the 
blood is quickened, the vessels are enlarged, the skin contains a 
larger quantity of blood, thus causing sweating and increased evap¬ 
oration from the surface; the breathing also becomes accelerated, 
causing more cool air to enter the lungs, which coming into con tact 
with the capillary circulation of the lungs, abstracts heat from 
the blood, thereby cooling the body. 
The specific temperature of animals varied in different species. 
Thus, in man it is only 37.5°c., whilst in all the domestic animals 
it is higher. In the horse we find it about 38.25°c., but it may 
become as low as 37.6°, and rise to 38.7°c., and yet the animal 
be in perfect health. In cattle the average is 39°; in sheep 40.25° ; 
swine 40.50°; dog 38.10°; cat 38°; and rabbits 38.25°. These 
numbers are only to be looked upon as averages, for we may have 
very striking fluctuation in different animals of the same species. 
For example : the lowest point which has been observed in a 
healthy dog is 37.4°, and the highest 40.6®. We may look upon 
this as explanatory of the discrepancies which we find from the 
various observers. Whilst Fleming gives tolerable high numbers, 
we find Gurlt and Siedamgrotzky moderate, and Ivrablee gives 
only low, without assigning any special causes. 
The above are average degrees, and are taken from numerous 
observations of veterinary surgeons. 
These variations in temperature are often due to the warmth 
of the thermometer itself, and to the manner and mode of appli¬ 
cation. 
Again, we do not find the same temperature in all parts of 
the same body. The coldest part being the tegumentum com¬ 
munis, due to its contact with the cold objects, also to radiation 
and evaporation. Parts which are sheltered by hair, those por¬ 
tions which are in contact with others, such as under the mane, 
tail, between the limbs, Ac., are of a higher temperature, because 
the air is not so quickly changed in these parts as in those less 
protected. 
Although the blood circulates throughout the whole body, by 
which means the temperature of one part compensates that of 
