MICROSCOPIE IN GERMANY. 
491 
sun microscope was discovered about the year 1646 by Kirschner, 
in the earliest period of microscopy. A half century later it wss 
universally known under the name of the camera obscura micro¬ 
scope. In the beginning of the eighteenth century Fahrenheit 
who was born in Danzig, made one, which Lieberkulm afterwards 
imitated. In the middle of this century the sun microscope wa^ 
used generally to make drawings of microscopical objects. 
Gr. F. Brander, Von Gleiclien, and Burucher added some 
special mechanical contrivances. Euler improved the sun micro¬ 
scope to a great degree. Von Haeseler carried these improve¬ 
ments into actual practice. Still the sun microscope remained in 
the same unperfected state comparatively with the others. 
III. 
If we examine once more the progress of the development 
made in the microscope in the first period of the history of micro¬ 
scopy, we shall obtain without difficulty a general idea of the con¬ 
dition of the microscope in the last period. The .microscope, in 
spite of all the progress made in its construction, the importance 
of which we do not for a moment undervalue, still remained a 
very imperfect instrument. For this reason microscopy could not 
reach any great degree of development. 
Frey, in his “Hand-book of Histology,” declares that Lee- 
wenhock in his work, neither sought out a scientific principle 
nor method. His work is rather a revelation of remarkable 
and extraordinary objects which the naked eye imperfectly de¬ 
nned—not a correct scientific result. Frey characterises truly the 
micrographical work of the early history of microscopy as pos¬ 
sessing no real scientific value, although of much significance on 
account of single histological details evolved. In them the com- 
bination of the units to a scientific whole was utterly absent. 
The superior work accomplished from 1600 to 1811 was iso¬ 
lated, and without any connection. Skilful hands were necessary 
to bring into being the true scientific microscopy. 
Frey’s assertion that Leewenhock’s researches were discoveries 
of strange and remarkable things or objects. Leewenhock and 
all those that followed him up to the year 1811 were animated to 
