506 
F. S. B. 
Xenophon (440 B.C.) wrote a work upon the training and 
treatment of horses, and one on the military value of cavalry. 
Aristotle, (384 B.C.) the gifted student of Plato, combatted 
many mistakes of his predecessors with regard to human diseases, 
by means of numerous dissections of animals. He also gave 
short descriptions of some diseases of the ass, horse, cattle, swine, 
dog, elephant and some fishes. Naturally, we also find in him 
many mistakes with regard to the comparisons drawn between the 
individual species of animals and their physiological and psycho¬ 
logical characteristics. He himself gives utterance to his doubts, 
as the inner construction of man was but little known, and the 
knowledge must be gained by the dissection of animals. 
Man was not so scrupulous under the Ptolomaischen queens, 
as we find him here dissecting the human body; and the knowl¬ 
edge thus obtained spread, with other sciences, over Asia Minor 
and Egypt. Herophilos of Chalcedonia, (180 B.C.) one of the 
first leaders of scientific anthropotomy, made himself especially 
valuable by his investigations for the seat of human diseases. 
Much of this valuable material passed into forgetfulness with the 
development of the empirical school. An opportunity for the 
development of comparative anatomy by the section of rare ani¬ 
mals used in the combats of the Homan circus during four cen¬ 
turies, was entirely neglected. 
Aurelius Celsus (40 B.C.-20 A.D.) wrote a great work, “ de 
Artibus,” in which he treats of the diseases of man and animals. 
Columella and Pelargonius owe their knowledge of animal dis¬ 
eases to him. 
Lucius Junius Moderatus (40 A.D.) gives directions for the 
treatment of diseased horses, sheep and goats in his writings upon 
agriculture. This work received much consideration, and has been 
widely distributed by means of translations, thereby contributing 
largely to the development of veterinary medicine. Claudius 
Galenus, (131-201 A.D.) who is noted for his careful education, 
and the mathematical exactitude with which lie treated the rich 
treasury of material at his command, critically applied himself to 
studying the phenomena of nature, and recommended the most 
diligent dissection of animals. He seems to have used apes or 
