508 
F. S. B 
Messina, and in the last years of his life at Pavia, but also 
appears himself in the character of a veterinary writer ; he also 
assisted his “ marescallus major,” Sigerius Ruffo, in his scientific 
works upon natural history, and comparative anatomy and pathol¬ 
ogy—said Ruffo being especially noted for his teachings witli 
regard to the diseases of the extremities. The “Anatome porci,” 
from Colophon, is also worthy of mention. 
Demetrius, the body-surgeon of Kaiser Michael Palseologus, 
especially distinguished himself by his sharp comprehension of 
the natural laws regulating the higher organisms, and the resem¬ 
blance which their diseases had to each other. Petrus de Crese- 
ventiis, who wrote in the thirteenth century, is to be mentioned 
as having carefully considered the diseases of animals in his 
writings upon agriculture. Many superstitions are to be found 
mixed up with the writings of this period. 
Mondini again received permission to dissect the human form 
divine, in consequence of which, in 1315, he published an anat¬ 
omy with a characteristic introduction. He correctly intimated 
the nature of the pulmonic circulation, which was more fully 
demonstrated six years later by Columbus of Cremona, who was 
allowed to dissect the cadavers of fourteen men each year, and 
who also practised vivisection upon dogs and swine. About his 
time Master Maurus or Marius of Cyprus, with the assistance of 
a veterinarian from Germ any, gave out a work upon the diseases 
of horses and cattle, to which was prefixed anatomical descrip¬ 
tions with illustrations. Dino was the son of Pietro Dino (1350), 
a family noted as having seven veterinarians among its members. 
His “ Mascalcia divisa in quinque libros,” is, as he himself says, 
a compilation from the writings of Yegez, Aristotle, Jordanus 
Rufus, and Theoderich. Bartolomans Spadafora, of Messina, 
(1368), published a work in Sicilian upon veterinary medicine. 
The best work was, however, incited by Prof. Mondini, and found 
especial protection and support in Prag under Kaiser Carl IV., 
who founded the university in 1348, where medicine was taught 
from the beginning. In 1376 the university, which had been 
recently founded at Montpellier by Pope Nicholas IV., received 
permission to dissect the human cadaver. The study of anatomy 
