509 
A SHORT SKETCH, ETC. 
was much excited by the work of Guy, of Chouliac, which 
appeared in 1393. 
The study of comparative pathology became more and more 
developed, and was much assisted by the work of Antonins Maus 
upon animals and murderers. Caspar Bouhin and others relate 
in the “ Rousset Shrift, de Hysteratomy on infeutment caesarian,” 
Paris, 1551, that the caesarian section, which had been success- 
' fully performed by Galen on a deer, was first successfully per¬ 
formed Ijy a Swiss veterinarian named Jacob Nufer , of Sieger- 
hausen, who performed it upon his wife in 1550, mother and child 
doing well . 
Up to the fifteenth century, veterinary medicine thrived in 
Italy alone, where it received favor from Kaiser Frederich II. 
We find Italian veterinarians and equerries at all the European 
courts during this period. The art of breeding was essentially 
forwarded in Germany by the excellent work of Marx Fugger, 
entitled “ Zueht der Kriegs u. Burgerpferde,” Augsburg, 1578. 
Veterinary science bloomed greatly in Spain at this time. Al- 
phonso V. of the Arragons ordered his majordomos to write a 
work on veterinary medicine, and to call to his assistance the 
most competent veterinarians. This was executed by Don Manuel 
in the Calatonic dialect, and translated and added to in that of 
Castile. 
A marked transformation is apparent from the fifteenth cen¬ 
tury onwards. The earth was illuminated by the most brilliant 
intellectual undertakings, and the heavens were illuminated and 
the flashes of intellectual light struck against the hierarchy of holy 
superstitions and it fell. “ Nature awoke from her long sleep, 
and stretched her limbs from the panesis in which they had been 
confined.” u O, Jahrhundert, O, Wissenschaft, welche Freude 
in solcher Zeit zu leiben,” said the young German humorists, 
Erasmus and Ulrich von Hutton. Among the principle workers 
of this period was Andreas Vesalius (1513-1564), who by means 
of his classic education, as well as by his temperament, was able to 
overcome all hindrances, and was made professor of anatomy and 
surgery in his twenty-third year. His contemporaries speak of 
him as a man to be trusted, and such lie was, indeed. He knew 
