C. J. Sundevall on the Wings of Birds. 403 
in the females and young. Here belong the so-called 
subulate, or ensiform, or deeply notched, also, in general, 
sharp-pointed feathers which only occur among the first of 
them (nos. 1-3 or 4). In these the vane seems to be obstructed 
in its growth; but in the females and young such feathers 
are always broader and less pointed than in the males. 
The longest remiges primores occur in some strong-flying 
genera, which have already been cited, namely, Sterna , Larus , 
Glareola, Pterocles , Falco, Cypselus, Trochilus, Caprimulgus , 
and Hirundo, in which, in general, the folded wing is twice as 
long as the trunk from the breast to the insertion of the tail. 
It may be mentioned in this connexion that those birds have 
moderately long hand-feathers in which the folded wing 
extends behind the root of the tail, e. g. Turdus. 
Rudimentary quill-feathers in the whole wing occur only 
in two known forms :— Aptenodytes (and Alca impennis ) 
among the Swimming-birds, and the Struthious birds (with 
Apteryx and ? Didus ) among the Wading forms; but in none 
of the higher orders of birds. 
2. Remiges cubitales, or Pennse cubitales (arm-feathers)*, 
are inserted in the fold of skin along the posterior side of the 
ulna, so that the root-ends always rest against the outer side 
of that bone. In form they always differ a little from the 
quill-feathers of the hand, being blunted and more curved, 
and especially not so thick and stiff, so that they approach 
more to the form of the ordinary body-feathers; their shorter 
quill-tubes also are much less firmly fixed, for which reason 
they possess a somewhat higher degree of mobility. Most 
of them are nearly of the same size and structure, so that 
when the wing is folded the inner ones usually extend gra¬ 
dually beyond the outer; but a few of the innermost 2-5 
(fig. 3, nos. 14-17, and fig. 8, nos. 8, 9) are always gradually 
* They are also called r. secundarice, or minores, or secundi ordinis 
(wing-feathers of the second order ; “ segelpennor,” Markl.) ; hut these 
names seem to me far less correct than the one above employed, which 
indicates their position on the cubitus. The denominations primarice and 
secundarice, or primi and secundi ordinis, would be much more suitable to 
* designate the different series of wing-feathers. 
