432 
C. J. Sundevall on the Wings of Birds. 
11. Flexor digiti profundus , attached to the ulna under 
No. 8 ( fl . carpi uln.). —Sinew thick, passing under the 
ligamentum carpi proprium to the radial edge of the meta¬ 
carpus, through the same sheath as the sinew of the pre¬ 
ceding, but outside of it, continued along the inner side of 
the radial edge to the articulation of the second phalange, 
where it passes transversely across the margin of the hone 
inwards to the middle of the front margin of the articular 
surface. In Cypselus , Falco , &c. it is attached here; but 
in Anas it passes at this point into a longitudinal groove in 
the radial margin of the second phalange (which forms at the 
base a complete aperture), and is attached in the middle of 
the radial margin of the second phalange. The sinew passes by 
that of the flexor sublimis , but does not pierce it as in the 
Mammalia. It appears to flex the finger, and especially the 
second joint, in opposition to No. 3. 
12. Flexor carpi radialis lies under the preceding, attached 
to the ulna, and not so high up as in man; passes obliquely 
forward to the os carpi anticum , under the sinews of the two 
flexores digitorum (10, 11), curves forward around the above- 
mentioned bone in its groove, and attaches itself at the outer 
side of the basis metacarpi .—Flexes the hand and turns it 
outwards. 
b. Short muscles (as on the outer side). 
13. Pronator superior , from the upper anterior side of the 
condylus internus to the middle part of the radius; inserted 
upon the anterior part of the inside of the latter; usually 
very strong. Appears to act, in birds, like Nos. 6, 7, and the 
following one, partly as a flexor, partly to hold together and 
strengthen the joint, for pronation is impossible.—This and 
the next together represent the pronator teres in man. 
Schopss calls this (No. 13) brevis , and the next (14) longus } 
which, when applied to most birds, is reversed or incorrect; 
the names must therefore be changed. 
14. Pronator inferior (s. profundus ), lies generally under 
the preceding, between the condylus internus and the radius, 
