435 
C. J. S unde vail on the Wings of Birds. 
P. martins, and Jynx; Psittacus magnus, Gm., P. amazonicus, 
and Columba livia, Sclidpss et ipse. 
Accipitres : Stria: nisoria, S. liturata, Astur palumbarius 
(.Pernis apivorus) ; Aquila albicilla and Buteo vulgaris , 
Schopss. 
Galling : Galius domesticus, Sell, et ipse ; Tetrao tetrioc 
and Lagopus saliceti. 
Grall^e : Struthio, Otis, and Fulica, Schopss; Scolopax 
rusticola, Grus, Charadrius pluvialis, and Ciconia nigra. 
Natatores : Anas glacialis, Sterna hirundo, Uria grylle, 
and Mormon arcticus ; Aptenodytes, Schopss. 
All the species enumerated furnished with a song-apparatus 
( Oscines) agree so completely in the structure of the 
muscles, that I can scarcely separate any except Hirundo. 
They are distinguished from the other Orders especially as 
follows:— 
a. The bellies of the muscles are plump and rounded, and 
short, so that the sinews of the larger ones occupy about 
half, or more, of the length of the cubitus. 
b. The fascia ulnaris is very thin, not very visible from 
without, and wraps round the hinder group of flexors of the 
forearm like an imperfect sheath. The flexor digiti sublimis 
lies upon the flexor carpi ulnaris in the middle beneath the 
fascia, and commences near the humerus with a short, very 
slender, fleshy part. 
c. The hinder bundle of flexor muscles here referred to lies 
much further out towards the remiges in front of the ulna 
than in other birds, which is due to the fact that the ulna is 
nearly straight, with only the superior | bent upwards, and 
the other end still less curved in the opposite direction 
(therefore very slightly S-shaped). From these causes, cited 
under a, b , and c, a considerable space is left for the before- 
mentioned pits or depressions of the skin on the inner side 
of the cubitus. 
d. The humerus is almost entirely clothed with muscles, 
which is due in part to their large size, in part and espe¬ 
cially to the fact that the deltoideus goes down to the con- 
dylus externus, and attaches itself there near the extensor 
