442 C. J. Sundevall on the Wings of Birds . 
on the cubitus in all the musculi digitorum et carpi except the 
flexor carpi ulnans . 
As the result of this exposition it appears that all these 
birds, notwithstanding their very considerable differences, 
agree in the general structure of the muscles of the cubitus, 
and only seem to present occasional differences, owing to 
which the orders are difficult to characterize. 
The Gallinse, however, appear to show definite peculiarities, 
namely: — (a) the two hmnero-ulnares are unusually developed : 
the inner one, which is almost peculiar to them, extends to 
and the outer one to the apex of the ulna; (b) the flexor 
digitorum sublimis is unusually small and shifted outwards ; 
(c) the extensor indicis proprius commences far down (which, 
however, is also the case in Ciconia ). 
The other orders seem to vary more j but they nevertheless 
distinctly group themselves around the Gallinse, and very 
closely resemble each other. From the few well-known ex¬ 
amples they are difficult to characterize; but it must be re¬ 
marked that the Raptorial birds known to me have cylindrical 
sinews to the most anterior muscles, a shorter pronator supe¬ 
rior , a broader extensor digitorum communis , &c. 
The Waders have a weak extensor carpi ulnaris, which com¬ 
mences upon the humero-ulnaris externus, but they vary much. 
The Water-birds have a very small extensor carpi radialis 
brevis and deltoideus , but present three quite different forms : 
Sterna and the Ducks with a more ordinary external form, 
the latter with a small separate humero-ulnaris interior; and 
the Pygopodes with the wings much flattened, and, in con¬ 
sequence, an unusual appearance of the muscles and an 
unusual position of the pronatores; the supinator lies only 
on the outer side, the fascia ulnaris is closely attached to the 
ulna without any interspace, &c. 
I can least of all pronounce an opinion upon the Coccyges, 
as only a few of the more aberrant forms of that order are 
known to me, and at present I have no opportunity of 
making up this deficiency. They seem, however, nearly to 
approach the Accipitres. 
