C. J. Sundevall on th& Wings of Birds. 447 
number of the "Waders and Water-birds, which also have long 
wing-bones and remiges (e. g. Ciconia } Ardea , Larus) } and 
that their whole structure and feathery covering is exactly 
the same as in the three orders above mentioned. It is un¬ 
necessary to cite examples of this, as they occur upon every 
one of the preceding pages. If other parts of the body are 
taken into consideration, we always find in the fundamental 
form the same definite divergence from the Song-bird type, 
and agreements with the G allin se, Waders, and Water-birds. 
The Accipitres and the Gallinse appear as two modifications 
of the same form, developed in different directions; the 
latter, both externally and internally constructed to feed on 
vegetable diet, with a strongly muscular stomach adapted in 
other respects thereto, with a large caecum, with beak and claws 
not very acute, with no need of strong flight, &c.; the former 
converted into an animal of prey, with a thin stomach 
and in general a smaller intestine, with stronger organs of 
capture, and especially a great power of flight. But the 
near affinity between them appears distinctly in the downy 
covering, the arrangement of the feathers, the structure of 
the arm, the whole construction of the feet, and even in the 
form of the beak and claws in the Vulturini and a great 
number of the American species of Buteo and Aquila , when 
compared with those of the Gallinse. Like the next forms, 
however, the Raptorial birds approach the Song-birds by a 
greater development of the posterior toe, and also by the 
incomplete structure of the young and the necessity of 
feeding them. The hinder toe, however, never acquires the 
form which alone belongs to the Song-birds, but always re¬ 
tains the same type as in the preceding, and is somewhat 
elevated at the root. 
The remaining forms of birds (the Doves, Parrots, Cuckoo- 
like birds, and Pici) range themselves with the exception of 
the last named, just as distinctly, with the same great division 
of the class; but also show, besides the peculiarities just 
mentioned, some further resemblances to the Song-birds, in 
the generally smaller number of the arm-remiges, and the 
smaller number of rows of the inferior coverts. Their 
