424 
CLASSIFICATION. 
ClTAP. XIII. 
in the important character of having a longer beak, yet 
all are kept together from having the common habit 
of tumbling; but the short-faced breed has nearly or 
quite lost this habit; nevertheless, without any reasoning 
or thinking on the subject, these tumblers are kept in 
the same group, because allied in blood and alike in 
some other respects. If it could be proved that the 
Hottentot had descended from the Negro, T think he 
would be classed under the Negro group, however much 
he might differ in colour and other important characters 
from negroes. 
With species in a state of nature, every naturalist has 
in fact brought descent into his classification; for he 
includes in liis lowest grade, or that of a species, the 
two sexes; and how enormously these sometimes differ 
in the most important characters, is known to every 
naturalist: scarcely a single fact can be predicated in 
common of the males and hermaphrodites of certain 
cirripedes, when adult, and yet no one dreams of sepa¬ 
rating them. The naturalist includes as one species the 
several larval stages of the same individual, however 
much they may differ from each other and from the 
adult; as he likewise includes the so-called alternate 
generations of Steenstrup, which can only in a technical 
sense be considered as the same individual. He in¬ 
cludes monsters; he includes varieties, not solely be¬ 
cause they closely resemble the parent-form, but because 
they are descended from it. He who believes that the 
cowslip is descended from the primrose, or conversely, 
ranks them together as a single species, and gives a 
single definition. As soon as three Orchidean forms 
(Monochanthus, Myanthus, and Catasetum), which had 
previously been ranked as three distinct genera, were 
known to be sometimes produced on the same spike, 
they were immediately included as a single species. 
