litli coil AGE UAKEENER ANE COUNTRY GENTLEMAN, Jui 5, 1859. 
196 
Each horse roceived daily as litter 1.1 lbs.; eaeli cow, G.6 lbs.; 
each pig, 4.1 lbs. of straw. 
To llie stables and the cowhouses together were given every 
twenty-four hours I32.dlbs. of straw for thirty horso3 ; 198.0 lbs. 
for thirty lioi'ndu cattle; 66.0 lbs. for sixteen pigs; mailing 
isOO.O lbs. of straw, estimated when dry at 292.6 lbs. 
The composition of the materials which constitute the dung 
'produced in one day are set forth in the following table :— 
Kxcretions 
4- r* 
o> 
is A <» 
Elements of the dry matter. 
a> . 
i j- •. 
C 4- b 
yielded in 21 
hours by 
.2Y 
4-4 -Ji 
O fZ 
£ 
Carb. 
Ilydr. 
Oxyg. Azote. 
Salts 
and 
earths 
"Water < 
stituting 
wet ma 
lbs. 
lbs. 
lbs. 
lbs. 
lbs. lbs. 
lbs. 
lbs. 
Thirty horses 
Thirtv horned 
213,08 
1028.28 
01.00 
12.32 
SO. 10 6.00 
42.46 
783.20 
cattle . 
327.36 
2116.48 
130.24 
1-5.40 
lie 16 8.58 
56.98 
2089.12 
Sixteen pitrs. 
Straw used in 
26.40 
116.74 
10.12 
1.32 
8.58 0.88 
5.50 
120 34 
litter . 
292.60 
300.00 
141.08 
15.G2 
113 74 1,10 
20.40 
103.40 
The average or mean composition of this mixture'may bo 
taken as follows :—- 
In the'dry state*. ' ‘ ' In the wet state. 
Garb. IHydr. Oxyg. Azote. Salts. 1 Garb. Ilydr. Oxyg. Azote. Salt. Water. 
42.3 5.0 3G.7 1.0 11.1 0.4 1.2 8.2 0.4 3.2 77.6 
That of the resulting dung : — 
35.8 
4.2 
25.8 
; 2.0 32.2 
7.4 
0.9 
5.3 
0.4 
On comparing the composition of (he dung-heap with that of 
the different kinds of litter collected in a day, little difference is 
observed; the larger quantity of saline and earthy matters dis¬ 
covered in the fermented manure is readily explained from the 
additions of ashes incorporated with it, and also by the accidental 
admixture of earthy matters proceeding from the -sweepings of 
the court, the earth adhering to the roots consumed as food, &c. 
—refuse of every kind, the residue after cleansing the various 
kinds of fodder for the stable and stall, &c., all went to the dung- 
heap. Lastly, and with reference to the elements that are liable 
to be dissipated in the state of gas, or which may be changed into 
water, the azote is perceptibly' in larger quantity in the prepared 
manure than in the unfertnented litter and excretions. This is 
at once seen on comparing the composition of these two products 
after the saline and earthy matters have been deducted. 
Carbon. Ilydr, Oxyg. Azote. 
The composition of fresh litter, is 49.3 5.8 42.7 2 
That of dung .... 52.8 6.1 33.1 3.0 
Eung is, therefore, somewhat richer in azote and carbon than 
litter, and it contains less oxygen. It is the property of lignine 
undergoing decomposition, that it yield a product which relatively 
abounds more in carbon than the original matter, in spite of the 
carbonic acid which is formed and tin-own off during the altera¬ 
tions undergone ; this is owing to the eleprents of water being 
thrown off in relatively still larger quantity a,t tile same time.— 
(B o turning ault’s Rural Economy .)—-1. 
WHITE ANEMONE APENNINA. 
“ As I see in The Cottage Gardener (No. 553, page 67) 
•an assertion, that ‘ there is no white Anemone apennina on re¬ 
cord,’ I take the liberty of informing you, that, many years ago, 
a white Anemone apennina came up in my garden self-sown. I 
lost it in a few years. I am sorry that I neglected to propa¬ 
gate it. 
“ I cannot replace Cornus Suecica, though 1 have made nu¬ 
merous applications for it; I have even sent into the north of 
Scotland. I have had two or three small plants sent (o me 
having one or two bulbs, • but they soon died. I wish I could 
get two or three strong plants: I used formerly to cultivate tiffs 
plant without the least difficulty. I used always to throw away 
1 some of it when I parted it; but .now I cannot, cultivate it at 
all, though I am not aware of any difference in my treatment 
of it. 
“I also want a strong plant or two of Trienlalts Europcea and 
of Anemone thdiictroides (Tkalictrum anemenoides) .”—E. Simons, 
! Ovington, near Walton. 
[Wo have eaten to satiety of the berries of Cornus Suecica 
often in the Highlands. It and flic Trienfalls Etiropaa 
ought to be grown in a damp peat bed where the sun could 
not reach them. When they send up for the seeds of the red 
Scotch Pine to the forest of Braemar they could gather ever 
so much of both tiiese northern plants, and some others that are 
better and more rare, if there were a demand for them. 
The Anemone thalictroides is lost, we believe, unless it is in 
some botanic garden. That at Hull is said to'bc the most likely 
to meet with such rare tilings ] 
OUR FAMILY POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 
We have been thinking The Cottage Gardener would like 
to hear something of our Family Pomological Society, the 
| transactions of which, if not so important as those of the 11 British” 
affair of the same sort as ours, are doing something, we fancy, 
j towards making two good Apples grow where one very indifferent, 
i or, perhaps, none at all grew before. 
Our rules are very simple. Our meetings are held at the hour 
1 of 8 A.M., commencing each year on the morning of the ripening 
of the first Blade Brince Strawberry in June, and continuing 
daily till the last of our Stunner Pippins is produced for exhibi¬ 
tion. Our Society consists of the ordinary members of the family, 
and meets in the breakfast parlour of a cottage, in a Cheshire 
I village, some mile and a half from the estuary of the Mersey, ad- 
! joining a well sheltered garden of half an acre, on a gentle slope 
facing the north. Our breakfast-table is always graced with a vaso 
of choice flowers, flanked with dishes plentifully piled with fruit, 
of which we all eat an unlimited quantity. Indeed, one of our 
Society, whom we call our “extraordinary” member, goes to a 
fearful length in tiffs way at times ; and in the dead of the past 
winter restricted himself to uncooked fruit alone, to the exclusion 
of beef, bread, butter, tea, coffee, water, and everything else, eatable 
or drinkable, for upwards of forty days, with, as he says, manifest 
benefit, physically and morally. We shake our heads at this, of 
course; but cannot help thinking that the morning is the time 
to enjoy fruit most, and that lie who cannot digest a Jargonelle 
at breakfast-time, the sooner lie gets his stomach toned up to that 
point the better. So we have fixed on this early hour for our 
pomological meetings, conceiving we can belter judge of the 
qualities of the fruit submitted to us before our taste lias been 
vitiated witli the tea and toast which usually accompany our 
sederunts. 
The fruit experimented on consists of the produce of several 
hundred pyramids and bushes in the aforesaid garden, including 
137 varieties of Apples—in fact every one we hare been able to 
procure of what Hogg’s “Pomology” calls first-rate; seventy 
Pears; all the Gooseberries marked “ first-rate,” in the Edin¬ 
burgh catalogues; and a fair assortment of Plums, Cherries, and 
the smaller fruits. We may mention, that being only tenants, our 
whole orchard is removed biennially, and will he so till the grand 
transplantation we look forward to, when we hope to flit from a 
house to a home, and tread on our own soil, amongst our own 
Apple and Pear trees, with no landlord to make us afraid. Indeed, 
one principal object of our Family Pomological Society, is to be 
provided against such a t ime with the means of making a good selec¬ 
tion of the hardy fruits suitable to tiffs district; so that from July 
to June we may have a continuous and successive supply of the 
very best our soil and climate can produce. We have already, in 
the meetings of our Society during the past year, learned enough 
to know, that, with all the advance of pomological science, tiffs has 
not yet been done, and that, of course, we must do it for our¬ 
selves. For a year or two our labours will be a little restricted, 
some of our trees not having yet come into bearing ; but we have 
already got so many facts entered in our register, that we antici¬ 
pate shortly to accumulate quite a valuable heap of statistics : and 
one object in writing now, is to induce other fruit-eating family 
circles to do likewise, as well for their own pleasure and profit as 
the general furtherance of pomological knowledge. 
We have room to refer, at present, to only one feature of our 
inquiries, perhaps the most interesting,—that to which the British 
Pomologic-al Society is, in particular, directing its attention,—the 
