which are La Pena and Ucuquer, belonging to Senora Juana Ross 
Y. de Edwards. A few of the Ayr, Jersey, Swiss and Dutch 
breeds have also been imported. The southern region seems to 
suit these better. 
Cattle are raised in Chile in the open all the year round, 
divided off by stone, mud, or barb wire, and in the south by 
wooden posts. The large cattle ranches have for winter shelter¬ 
ing enclosures, or better, extensive tracts of land at the foot of 
the Cordillera range, protected from winter storms by hills and 
woods and at the same time extensive fields, well provided with 
running water and green grass for the cattle during dry seasons. 
The allied industries of this branch are carried on throughout 
the central zone, particularly in irrigated districts where large 
quantities of cheese and butter are manufactured. Pure milk is 
also extensively sold. 
The cheese manufactured in the country is called “ Chanco.” 
It belongs to the soft class. Much of it is consumed in the coun¬ 
try. Besides this many other European brands are manufactured 
in Chile, especially what is called English cheese. On most 
farms centrifugal machines and modern apparatus are used for 
the manufacture of butter. Some 50 to 60 metric tons of but¬ 
ter are exported annually as surplus of the country’s consumption. 
Cheese sells from 25 to 30 cents per pound, butter from 70 to 80 
cents per pound (Chile currency), and pure milk from 5 to 20 
cents per litre, according to seasons and location. 
The price of a one-year-old Durham cross-breed calf is from 
$50.00 to $55.00 (Chile currency), when in a fairly good con¬ 
dition ; for a two-year-old the price is $65.00, while a three-year- 
old weighing about 350 kilograms commands as high as $75.00 
to $80.00. These prices insure a profit of 40 to 50 per cent, on 
money invested in this industry, and they will without doubt keep 
steady for a number of years, as production is scarcely sufficient 
for home consumption. 
Cattle raising has been protected by duties levied on cattle 
imported from the Argentine Republic, and for that reason this 
industry is receiving great impulse. In January last this duty 
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