332 
THE COTTAGE GARDENER AND COUNTRY GENTLEMAN, August 28, 1860. 
Sueh facts are inducements to study. Be not dismayed by ob¬ 
taining no immediate results. Surely it is some reward, even if 
we do not get a money payment, to feel that wo have not lived 
in vain ; that we have exerted our brains to the utmost to fulfil 
the mission that God sent us to perform on this earth; and that 
we have left the world wiser and better for our work in it. But 
you may be assured some people will get the money. You and 
I are the better for rich men. These large capitalists are not 
keeping the money in their pockets : they are spending it in a 
variety of ways. It is the wildest of theories to think rich men 
are an injury to the poor : they better the poor man. Then let 
us help the men to get rich, seeing that they cannot deprive us 
of the blessings of intellectual research and exertion. 
“ But here I must cease my illustrations from the insect king¬ 
dom. The subject is a large one, and I hope some day again to 
bring it before you. I have before said there is no part of an 
animal which is not of use. So when they are dead, they ought 
not to be buried or cast away. I wish here to illustrate the 
whole subject of the uses of dead animals by this diagram, drawn 
up by Dr. Playfair, which gives you the value and uses of a dead 
horse. The value is not a large sum—from 20s. to 60s. on an 
average; but recollect that every application to art or science of 
this dead horse renders him of greater value; and it is for us, 
engaged in various ways in the arts of life, to. see whether we 
cannot apply things that have hitherto been wasted. 
“ Value of a dead horse from 20s. to 60s.; average value, 40s. Weight in 
pounds, from C72 to 1138 ; average weight in pounds, 950. 
Weight. 
Value. 
Uses. 
Hair . 
lbs. 
li 
Sd. to Is. per lb. 
Hair-cloth mattresses, 
Hide . 
30 
About 8s. 
plumes, and bags for 
crushing seed in oil- 
mills. 
Leather. 
Tendons. 
6 
— 
Glue and gelatine. 
Flesh . 
Boiled 224 
£1 8s. 
Meat for men, dogs, and 
Blood . 
60 
, _ , 
poultry. 
Prussiate of potash and 
Heart & Tongue 
. . 
___ 
manures. 
A mystery. 
Intestines . 
80 
Covering sausages and 
Fat. 
20 
3s. id. 
the like. 
Used for lamps after dis- 
Bones.:... 
160 
4s. Gd. per cwt. 
tillation. 
Knife-handles, phospho- 
Hoofs. 
6 
8s. to 10s. per cwt. 
rus, superphosphate of 
lime, bone-dust. 
Buttons, gelatine, prus- 
Shoes. 
5 
5s. to 10s. per cwt. 
siates, and snuff-boxes. 
Shots and old iron. 
Five hundred horses die every week in London. The hair 
is worth from 8 d. to Is. per pound, and it is used for making 
hair-cloth, for stuffing mattresses, and making plumes, and bags 
for crushing seed in oil-mills. Then the hide, weighing 30 lbs., 
is worth 8s., which is perhaps not a great deal of money; but 
when you have from 300 to 500 a-wcek dying within a radius of 
five miles of Charing Cross, it comes to some money. Then the 
skin is used for a variety of purposes ; tendons you know may 
be made into gelatine, and glue, and jellies. I told you that you 
must not be particular about these jellies : when the poor old 
horse has drawn your carriage, served you in omnibus and 
cab, and died at last— even then you have not done with 
him, for his tendons may then serve you for your delicious 
jellies. Then, again, it is not an uncommon thing for man to 
eat horse-flesh. We do not eat it here knowingly, but they eat 
it on the Continent of Europe. There is a story of a Frenchman, 
who thought we sold meat for almost nothing, for we sold it on 
skewers for a penny a skewerful. Then there is the blood, which 
is carried to the prussiate of potash manufacturers. Then there 
are the internal tubes, which are used for the coverings of 
sausages; and, as I said of the jellies, we need not ask any 
questions about these coverings as long as they are sweet. The 
heart and tongue are evidently great ‘ mysteries,’ for no one 
knows what is done with them. There is almost as much 
mystery about them as about the manufacture of the cloth of 
your coat. The heart, however, can be chopped up and mixed 
with sausage-meat, and the tongues may be sold for ox-tongues. 
On a recent occasion, when I stated this fact, a newspaper which 
reported my lecture added that it was all a mistake, and that the 
tongues were never sold for so inferior an article as ox-tongue : 
they were always sold as reindeer-tongues. Now, passing over 
the fat, which is worth 3s. 4 d., I need not tell you that horses’ 
bones are as good as any other bones, and can be employed for 
the various purposes to which other bones are applied. The 
bones of a horse weigh about 160 lbs. and are worth 4-9. 6 d. per 
cwt. Then there are the hoofs, 6 lbs. of these, at 8s. to 10s. per 
ewt., which can be used for making buttons, prussiates, and snuff¬ 
boxes. I do not think that it is correct to say they are used in 
making glue. I think horses’ hoofs are composed of the same 
material as hair. They are sold, it is true, to the glue maker, 
but he sells them to the prussiate manufacturer. Even the poor 
old shoes are worth from 5s. to 10s. per cwt.; and even with 
regard to all these substances employed, there is nothing which 
cannot be used again and again.” 
And, now, let us recommend this little volume to every reader 
who delights in “ entertaining knowledge,” and who has a shilling 
to spare for it. We promise him the expenditure will not be 
“waste.” 
TRADE CATALOGUES RECEIVED. 
The Bulb Catalogue of Win. Cutbush tf Sons, Highgate .— 
Those who have been fortunate enough to see the annual exhibi¬ 
tion of Hyacinths at the Highgate N ursery, know the attention 
paid to that beautiful flower by the Messrs. Cutbush. In the 
catalogue before us we have an enumeration and descriptive 
notes of the different varieties, which are arranged according to 
their colour. There are also excellent practical directions for their 
cultivation. Besides Hyacinths there are full lists of the other 
bulbous-rooted flowers—-such as Tulips, Gladiolus, Ranuncu¬ 
lus, Anemones, Liliums, Iris, Amaryllis, &c. 
TO CORRESPONDENTS. 
Melilotps leucantha (E. Collins). —It is a biennial, and quite hardy, 
needing no winter protection. To keep up an annual blooming it requires 
to be sown every year. 
Celery (A Novice). —Put some well-decayed manure upon the surface 
about the plants. The rains and your waterings will wash it down to the 
roots. Water twice a-week with your soapsuds very diluted, and dissolve 
a quarter of an ounce of guano in every gallon. Do not use soapsuds con¬ 
stantly. Use rain water occasionally, with a peck of sheep’s-dung dissolved 
in thirty gallons of it. Previously to carthing-up give the soil about the 
roots of the plants a good soaking. Whenever you need any particulars 
about a Show, write for them to its Secretary. 
Loam for Potting (R. Tozer). —Not knowing the quality of the soil of 
your kitchen garden, we cannot say with certainty whether it would answer 
for potting purposes. If neither clayey or sandy, it would most probably. 
The reason for keeping potting loam exposed to the air, and frequently 
turning it, i% for the purpose of having it well impregnated with the gases 
of the atmosphere, and to allow time for the vegetation of the seeds of weeds, 
and the escape of insect larvm. 
Miloewed Pears and Stotted Grades (P. F. II.). —The leaves of 
your Beurre d' Aremberg and B. hose Pears are mildewed—that is, they 
are attacked by a parasitic fungus, for all mildews are fungoid. There is 
no doubt that this is occasioned by excessive moisture, both in the air and 
soil, chiefly owing to the wet season, but promoted by growing Peas on the 
border. It is hopeless to remedy the evil now ; but removing the Peas, and 
dusting the foliage with flowers of sulphur Will tend to check the increase of 
the mildew, and so better enable the trees to provide for a crop next year. 
The berries of your St. Peter's and Muscat of Alexandria Grapes are 
attacked by the spot, an internal gangrene occasioned by the roots growing 
in too cold a soil, and exasperated by being grown in a cold greenhouse. 
Both those varieties require a stove heat; they will not ripen their fruit in 
your greenhouse. 
Improving Gravelly Soil (A Subscriber).— Clayey loam, chalky loam, 
bricklayer’s limy rubbish, decayed tanner’s bark, crushed bones, common 
salt, and sea-weeds, may each and all be added to your soil for improving 
its staple. Weak liquid manure applied every evening to growing plants 
will also help you to obtain good crops. 
Duchesse d’Angoclkme Pear (W. R. Elliott). —The Duchesse d'An- 
gouleme Pear is of the largest size, of a roundish obovate shape, and 
very uneven on its surface. The skin is of a dull yellow colour, covered 
with lines and freckles of russet. The stalk is very long, and inserted in 
a deep cavity. The flesh white, and when highly ripened buttery and 
melting, but frequently crisp, coarse-grained, and sweet. Itipe in November, 
or sometimes later. 
Double White Petunia (E. Jones). —This was shown to some of the 
best judges, and they agreed in thinking it a very superior specimen. They 
thought one called Antigone is rather finer, and a purer white. Tom's is 
tingod with green. 
Large Pea (F. P. O'.). —The large Pea you refer to was sent out by 
Messrs. Charlwood. It is called the Brobdignag Sugar Pea. 
Offer of Specimens. —I have a few fine, (hied specimens of Aspidium 
cristatum , of Hooker, found near here in marshes; A. spinulosum; also of 
the Arrow-head and several marsh plants. I shall be happy to give them, 
as far as they will hold out, to any one who wants them, on receipt of a 
stamped envelope of the address of the parties wanting them. The plant 
last named is now in flower.— Wx. Winter, National School, Alderney, 
Beccles. 
Tropjeolum (P. M. K.). —You have some of the tall autumn-blooming 
Tropreolums, or some one has played you a trick and substituted a true 
Lobbianum for clegans. At all events, you have not Tropwolum elegans. 
