ACROSS UNKNOWN SOUTH AMERICA 
part was under-developed. Many of them possessed 
magnificent teeth. 
Several of the skulls had been trephined, evidently 
while the person was still alive, some of the perforations 
in the brain-case being circular in shape, others quad¬ 
rangular— most of the trephinations having been made 
in the forehead, others on the top of the skull. I saw 
one skull with as many as eleven apertures thus made. 
The operation had evidently been performed by a very 
able surgeon, for the little cap of bone removed fitted 
beautifully into the opening that had been made. 
The Incas were great architects. They had an abso¬ 
lute craving for carving rock. They made models of 
their fortresses and palaces in blocks of hard stone, some 
of these being of remarkable perfection in their detail. 
The pottery, red earthen vessels with geometrical 
designs upon them, was most interesting, especially the 
large jars which must have been used for fermenting 
wine. Those jars of a typical shape must have rested 
on a pedestal of wood, as they ended in a point at the 
bottom, which prevented their standing up on a flat sur¬ 
face. Two handles were attached to the lower part of 
those jars, and also to the great bottles in which they 
kept wine. 
The Incas used tumblers, enamelled in red and green, 
and of most graceful shape. 
They were fond of ornamenting their bottles and 
vessels with representations of human heads, reproduced 
with considerable artistic fidelity. Other bottles repre¬ 
sented strange gnawing faces, with expanded eyes and a 
fierce moustache. 
Judging from the representations of figures on their 
jars, the people in those days wore their hair in little 
plaits round the head. Heads of llamas sculptured in 
stone or else modelled in earthenware were used as 
vessels. 
402 
