PREFACE 
ix 
many of the elevations marked on the existing maps of 
Brazil are inaccurate, the error amounting sometimes to 
several hundred feet. 
(e) A complete survey was made of new country 
between the Araguaya River and the Madeira, including 
a careful survey of the Arinos River and the river 
Arinos-Juruena, one of the most powerful tributaries of 
the Amazon. In the small map, reproduced from the 
best existing maps, at the end of the first volume, several 
high mountain ranges, quite as high as the Andes, may 
be noticed extending from north to south between the 
rivers Madeira, Tapajoz, Xingu, Araguaya, and Tocan¬ 
tins. Those high ranges are merely the work of imagina¬ 
tive cartographers, who have drawn them to make the 
map look pretty. They do not exist. I have left them 
in order to draw the attention of the reader to them. The 
position of the Arinos-Juruena is from one to one and 
a half degrees farther west than it is there drawn, and 
should be where I have marked the red line of my route. 
(/) Everything that was of interest pictorially, geo¬ 
logically, botanically, or anthropologically was photo¬ 
graphed or sketched. Astronomical observations were 
constantly taken to determine the positions of our camps 
and places of importance. 
Botanical and geological collections were made, but 
unfortunately had to be abandoned. 
(g) During the journey the head waters of the fol¬ 
lowing important rivers were visited: The Rio Yermelho, 
Rio Claro, Rio Araguaya, Rio Barreiros, Rio das Mortes, 
Rio S. Louren^o, the Cuyaba, the Xingu, the Parana- 
tinga, the Paraguay (Parana), the Rio Arinos, the 
Secundury. 
(h) The entire course of the river Tapajoz was 
studied, and also the entire course of the Amazon from 
its mouth almost to its birthplace in the Andes. 
( i) Useful vocabularies were drawn up of the follow- 
