ACROSS UNKNOWN SOUTH AMERICA 
generally took either a religious or a criminal form in 
Brazil. One man, with a ghastly, degenerate face, and his 
neck encircled by a heavy iron collar, was chained to the 
strong bars of a window. His hands and feet were also 
chained. The chain at his neck was so short that he could 
move only a few inches away from the iron bars. He 
sat crouched like a vicious dog on the window-ledge, 
howling and spitting at us as we passed. His clothes 
were torn to shreds; his eyes were sunken and staring; 
his long, thin, sinewy arms, with hands which hung as if 
dead, occasionally and unconsciously touched this or that 
near them. I tried to get close, to talk and examine him; 
but his fury was so great against the policeman who ac¬ 
companied me that it was impossible to get near. He 
was trying to bite like a mad dog, and injured himself 
in his efforts to get at us. Another lunatic, too — loose 
in a chamber with other prisoners — gave a wonderful 
exhibition of fury, that time against me, as he was under 
the impression that I had come there to kill him! He 
was ready to spring at me when two policemen seized him 
and drove him back. 
There was a theatre in Goyaz, a rambling shed of no 
artistic pretensions. The heat inside that building was 
stifling. When I inquired why there were no windows 
to ventilate the place, I was told that a leading Goyaz 
gentleman, having once travelled to St. Petersburg in 
Russia in winter-time, and having seen there a theatre 
with no windows, eventually returned to his native city, 
and immediately had all the windows of the theatre 
walled up, regardless of the fact that what is suitable in 
a semi-arctic climate is hardly fit for a stifling, tropical 
country. 
One thing that struck me most in Goyaz was the 
incongruity of the people. With the little literature which 
found its way so far in the interior, most of the men pro¬ 
fessed advanced social and religious ideas, the majority 
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