ACROSS UNKNOWN SOUTH AMERICA 
had a general view of the two ranges which had become 
separated. 
On one side of the range, a sloping back was notice¬ 
able, whereas on the opposite side were almost vertical 
sides, much grooved, with a terrace about two thirds up 
the total elevation, except at the western end, where the 
terrace was instead exactly half way up, with a minor 
terrace near the summit. 
We met and crossed another streamlet, and then rose 
on our route to 1,550 feet, from where another beautiful 
view of the plateau to the southwest could be obtained, 
a low hill range with a higher peak in front of it, and 
the immense green campos at a slanting angle. Another 
fine panoramic view of the divided ranges was also before 
us, although from our particular point of vantage it was 
slightly more difficult to reconstruct their former appear¬ 
ance in one’s imagination than from the centre of the 
valley we had crossed, although even from our point the 
fact was apparent after a little study. 
On proceeding down to the river, we met some flows 
of red lava and, upon the top of nearly every undulation, 
boulders of black eruptive rock showed through, highly 
ferruginous, as well as much lava in pellets. Debris of 
baked red and black rock were to be found in quantities 
down the slopes and at the bottom of those undulations, 
carried there evidently by water. In one or two places, 
such as near the river at Ponte Keimada, I smashed some 
of the larger boulders of yellow lava. Here is what I 
found inside: Under an outer coating of lava an inch 
thick there was a layer of solidified cinders. Under that 
lay a thin layer of lava, then again yet another layer of 
grey ashes, then lava again. This would indicate that 
those boulders had gradually reached their present shape 
partly in revolutions through the air thick with cinders, 
partly by rolling down or along intermittent stretches of 
molten lava and cinders during a great eruption, or per- 
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