ACROSS UNKNOWN SOUTH AMERICA 
lieved, for reasons which I shall fully explain later, that 
South America must be peopled by tribes of an Australoid 
or Papuan type: people who had got there directly from 
the west or southwest, not by people who had gradually 
drifted there from the north. 
Some scientists, with no experience of travel, have 
been greatly misled by the fact that the North American 
Indians are decidedly a Mongolian race. Therefore they 
assumed, basing their assumption on incorrect data, that 
the unknown Indians of South America must also be 
Mongolian. This was a mistake, although undoubtedly 
migrations on a comparatively small scale of Indians from 
North to South America must have taken place, chiefly 
along the western American coast. Those tribes, however, 
unaccustomed to high mountains, never crossed the Andes. 
Whatever types of Indians with Mongolian characteristics 
were found settled in South America were to be found to 
the west of the Andes and not to the east. This does not 
of course mean that in recent years, when roads and rail¬ 
ways and steamships have been established, and communi¬ 
cation made comparatively easy, individuals or families 
may not have been conveyed from one coast to the other 
of the South American continent. But I wish my reader 
to keep in mind for a moment a clear distinction between 
the Indians of the western coast and the Indians of the 
interior. 
To return to our man: I was greatly impressed by 
the strongly Australoid or Papuan nose he possessed: in 
other words, broad, with the lower part forming a 
flattened, depressed, somewhat enlarged hook with heavy 
nostrils. In profile his face was markedly convex, not 
concave as in Mongolian faces. Then the glabella or 
central boss in the supra-orbital region, the nose, the chin, 
were prominent, the latter broad and well-rounded. The 
cheek-bones with him and other types of his tribe were 
prominent forwards, but not unduly broad laterally, so 
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