CYPEINID^. 
299 
opposite the anterior part of the much-extended anal fin, which 
comprises 30 rays. 
Form. Log. Tertiary Lignite: Tauhate, Province of San Paulo, 
• • 
Brazil. 
P. 9012. Type specimen, shown of nat. size in PI. XVII. fig. 2. 
By exchange, 1898. 
?. 9226. Specimen figured in PI. XVII. fig. 3. 
Presented hy John Gordon, Esq., 1900. 
?. 9227. Eleven specimens. 
Presented hy John Gordon, Esq., 1900. 
Family CYPRINID^. ' 
Supraoccipital bone prominent, but not separating the well- 
developed parietals in the median line; squamosal suturally united 
with parietals and completely covering the otic bones except behind; 
cheek-plates much reduced. Mandibular suspensorium inclined 
forwards and gape small; symplectic bone present; premaxilla 
extended, excluding the maxilla from the upper border of the 
mouth, which is toothless ; lower pharyngeals well developed, falci¬ 
form, provided with teeth which are arranged in one, two, or 
three series. Barbels often present. Opercular apparatus complete, 
but not more than three branchiostegal rays„ Abdominal vertebra 
without transverse processes; ribs very stout and long, almost 
completely encircling the abdominal cavity. Pectoral arch with 
supraclavicle ; a single dorsal fin, without adipose dorsal. Trunk 
usually covered with scales, but no bony scutes. 
The existing carps and their allies are abundant in the fresh- 
waters of the Old World and Xorth America. Their extinct 
representatives are known only from Tertiary freshwater formations 
in the same regions. There are no extinct genera of importance. 
Genus CATOSTOMUS, Lesueur. 
[Journ. Acad. Xat. Sci. Philad. vol. i. 1817, p. 89.] 
Skeleton more or less imperfectly ossified, and cranium with a 
fronto-parietal fontanelle. Mouth small and inferior, with thickened 
lips; ventral border of abdomen not compressed to a sharp edge. 
Pharyugeal teeth very small and numerous, closely set in a single 
series. Dorsal fin in middle of back, more or less extended, with 
not more than about 17 rays and without anterior -bony spine ; 
anal fin short-based. Scales varying considerably in size in different 
species ; lateral line distinct. 
